Cell Structures Flashcards
CELL TYPES AND SPECIALIZATION
Cell division; produce new protoplasm
Cells of shoot/root tips
Water retention; cutin and wax are barriers against fungi and insects
Epidermis
Protection: produce poisons that inhibit animals from harming plants
Epidermal gland
Collect solar energy by photosynthesis
Green leaf cells
Collect water and minerals
Root epidermal cells
Transport water, minerals, and organic molecules
Vascular cells
pigments that attract pollinators
Petal cells
fragrances that attract pollinators
Scent cells
sugars that attract pollinators
Nectar cells
indirectly involved in producing sperm cells
Stamen cells
: indirectly involved in producing egg cells
Carpel cells
produce sugars aromas, flavorful compounds that attract fruit-eating/seed-dispersing animals
fruit cells
describes the cell
membrane as a tapestry of several types of
molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols,
and proteins) that are constantly moving.
The fluid mosaic model
The movement of molecules helps the cell membrane
_____________________
maintain its role as a barrier between the inside
and outside of the cell environments
properties of membrane
- Growth
- Permeability
- Dynamic
composition of protoplasm
Water, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
is a double-membraned organelle that
contains the genetic material
and other instructions
required for cellular
processes
nucleus
structure of the nucleus
Chromatin: DNA and proteins
Nucleolus: Chromatin and ribosomal
subunits
Nuclear envelope: Double membrane with
pores
Nucleoplasm: semifluid medium inside the
nucleus
Organelles ________ functions within the cell.
compartmentalized/divided
are membranous
sacs in the cell that store
substances.
vacuoles, vesicles
are membranous
sacs in the cell that store
substances.
vacuoles, vesicles
contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates
and the cristae house protein complexes that produce ATP
matrix
The inner membranes of mitochondria
cristae
Group of dynamic organelles able to perform many metabolic functions such as
synthesis, storage, and export of specialized lipid molecules; storage of carbohydrates
and iron; and formation of colors in flowers and fruits.
▪Site of synthesis of amino acids: isoleucine, valine, and those that contain aromatic
rings (phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine), or are derived from aspartate (lysine,
threonine, and methionine)
plastids
plastids are bounded by two membranes enclosing a fluid-filled________ that contains enzymes
stroma
Membranes inside the stroma are organized into ________ that house chlorophyll
thylakoids
absorbs solar energy and carbohydrates are made in the stroma
chlorophyll
plastids
Store starch; considered to be
leucoplasts
amyloplast
plastids
Carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
plastids
Contain abundant colored lipids; in
flowers and fruits
Chromoplasts
plastids
A specific stage in the
transformation of proplastids to
chloroplasts; occur when tissues are
grown without light
Etioplasts
plastids
Colorless plastids; synthesis lipids
and other materials
Leucoplasts
plastids
Small, undifferentiated plastids
Prioplastids
pigment droplets in chromoplast
Plastoglobuli
Protein synthesis occurs at tiny
organelles called ___________
ribosomes
Ribosomes can be found alone in
the cytoplasm, in groups called
________, or attached to the _________________
- polyribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum.
The endomembrane system consists of:
- Nuclear envelope
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Vesicles
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of
membranous channels and ________
saccules
is studded with ribosomes and is the site of
protein synthesis and processing
Rough ER
lacks ribosomes and is the site of synthesis
of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into
vesicles, among other functions.
Smooth ER
The ____________ consists of a stack of curved saccules; this organelle may also be involved in secretion
Golgi apparatus/dictyosomes
The Golgi apparatus ________________ and ________________ from the
ER, packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell.
- receives protein and lipid-filled vesicles
Numerous small spherical bodies that produces or uses
the dangerous compound hydrogen peroxide.
microbodies
are vesicles than contain enzymes
involved in detoxifying certain by-products of
photosynthesis and are found closely associated with
chloroplast,
Peroxisomes
involved in converting stored fats into
sugars. Important organelle during germination, of fatrich, oily seeds such as peanut, sunflower, and
Glyoxysomes
Clear substance found in the cytoplasm or hyaloplasm
Cytosol
is a network of filaments and
tubules that extends from the nucleus to the plasma
membrane
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements
responsible for cell shape, movement within the cell, and
movement of the cell
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
are small hollow cylinders
made of the globular protein tubulin
Microtubules
Microtubule assembly is controlled by
the microtubule organizing center,
called the ___________
centrosome
true or false
Microtubules help maintain the shape
of the cell and act as tracks along
which organelles can move
true
are ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides that support the plasma
membrane and nuclear envelope
Intermediate filaments
provides a scaffold to
organize the internal
structure of the cells
Intermediate filaments
occur in bundles or mesh-like networks
Microfilaments
It drives cytoplasmic streaming
Actin
-myosin interactions
Formed from inert secretion
providing strength and protection to
the protoplasm inside, and where
considerable metabolism occurs.
cell wall
all protoplasm within a single plant
Symplast
Intercellular space + cell wall = ?
apoplast
Apoplast + symplast= ________
entire plant
Cytoplasmic channel for
intercellular communication
Plasmodesmata
true or false
Fungal walls do not contain plastids of any type
true
true or false
Fungal walls contain cellulose
false
Walls contain chitin, not cellulose
apoplastic pathway is ______
through cell wall
