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1051 Genetics and Evolution > macroevoltuion, adaptive radiation, extinction, coevolution > Flashcards

macroevoltuion, adaptive radiation, extinction, coevolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
what is the current 6th mass extinction event called ?
 tertiary
cretaceous
holocene 
pleistocene
devonian
A

holocene eticntion due to human activity

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2
Q

what is co-speciation?
As the host speciates as does its related species, parasite or commensialist
As the host speciates as does its associated specialist, parasite or mutualist
the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
relationship when one species cannot live without the other

A

OPTION B

a- not commensialists as they are neutral
c- this is coEVOLUTION
d- this is obligate mutualism

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3
Q 
what is the earliest horse like form ?
Miohippus
Hyracotherium
Equus
Merychippus
Pliohippus
A

hyracotherium
> have short flat teeth indccating HERBIVORY and browsing, not grazing
> 4 digits and 3 toes

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4
Q

what is allopatric speciation ?
barrier formation causes individuals to evolve in isolation, forming new distinct species

individuals enter a new niche, the population evolves in the isolated niche, forming new distinct species

individuals enter a new niche, adjacent to their current niche, the population evolve in the new niche forming a new species

individuals undergo genetic polymorphism, so the population evolves isolated within the larger population, forming a new distinct species

A

OPTION A - BARRIER

b- peripatric - isolated niche
c-parapatric - adjacent
d- sympatric as its within the same enviroment

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5
Q 
changes in a gene pool as a result of a random event describes
A cladogeneis
B mutation
C selection
D genetic drift
E bottleneck
A

OPTION D
GENETIC DRIFT can change allele frequencies due to chance/RANDOM
> right place right time

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6
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

lineage rapidly diversifies with newly formed species evolving different adaptations

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7
Q 
during evolutionary history of horses, sometomes new species branhc off and live side by side. this is
A anagenesis
B monophyly
C cladogeneis
D polyphyly
E commensilism
A

OPTION C

> branch is the key word here

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8
Q 
when was the most severe mass exticntion event in the last 550 million years?
late devonian
ordovician- silurian
cretaceous-tertiary
permina-triassic
triassic-jurassic
A

cretaceous-tertiary aka. K-T event

> knocked out the dinosaurs due to meteor impacts AND mantle plumes

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9
Q

what is a benifit to a mass extintion event

A

there are less predators, and less competiion so lots of adaptive radiation can occur/ diversification

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10
Q 
When islands are colonised, evolution often takes an unusual trajectory. Which of the following features of islands/colonisation is MOST important in promoting new species to evolve?
convergent evolution
high mutation rate
founder effect
gene flow
dispersal behavior
A

foudner effect!

> foundfer effect when population is established, bottleneck when population destroyed == reduction in genetic diveristy

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11
Q

which popualtion is more vunerable to gentic drift

large or smol?

A

small

> think about choosing candy, some options are eliminated

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12
Q 
The formation of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to occur in the same geographic region is BEST termed:
A allopatric speciation 
B peripatric speciation 
C parapatric speciation 
D  sympatric speciation
A

SYMPATRIC

e.g. the galapogos finches - one island has many different species

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13
Q 
The evolution of the horse is BEST characterised as which of the following:
A convergent evolution
B orthogeneis
C porgessive evolution
D branching phylogeny
E all of the above
A

OPTION D

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14
Q 
tapiers and rhinos are examples of animals that underwent different evolutionary pathways to horses. this is due to?
migration
genetic drift
bottleneck
continential drift
extinction
A

continential drift

LAURASIA split into N.america -> horse and Europe ->odd toes mammals

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15
Q

what features does grass have that goes agaisnt herbivory?

A

high silica content making it verry tough
shoot apical meristem is near the ground making it hard to reach

BUT, horses stuck with herbivory and adapted instead!

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16
Q

how did the horses adapt to the expansion of grassslands?

A

highly crowned teeth to WEAR away the silica

larger brain cases to ACCOMODATE longer teeth

17
Q 
hiow many horse lineages radiated from merychippus?
3
4
5
6
7
A

AT LEAST 6
but only ONE lead to pliohippus -> eqqus -> modern horse
> modern horse survived so we think its linear evolution but no! its adaptive radiation

18
Q

what are homeotic genes

A

genes which regulate the development of anatomical structures in various organisms such as echinoderms, insects, mammals, and plants.

19
Q

what is phylogenetic congruence

A

when the tree topologies match

20
Q 
barnacles and whales are an example of
obligate mutualsim
parastie
commensilism
altruism
non obligate mutualism
A

this is commensilim

  • one benefits // can filter feed
  • one has nuetral impact // whale lives life
21
Q 
beees and flowers are an example of
obligate mutualsim
parastie
commensilism
altruism
non obligate mutualism
A

this is can be obligate or non-olbigate(fwcualtive) and depends on the perspective

> bees NEED floral resources. BUT bees can utilise many flower species so very few cases of cospeciation
flowers NEED pollinating. BUT some are hermaphroditic/self compatible

22
Q

what is the very basis of mutualism

A

at least one benifits
postive - postive : mutulism
postive - neutral : commensilism
postive- negatvie : parasitic

23
Q

why are there more co-evlution between moth and 3-toed sloth than 2-toed sloth

A

2 defecates in the air so less moths have acess to sloth fur

3 slides down tree where moth can access and repoduce in dung. in return, they live in fur fuelling algael growth to supplement nutrient poor sloth diet

24
Q 
when was the last major ice age// glacial maximum
tertiary
cretaceous
holocene 
pleistocene
devonian
A

pleistocene glaciation around 180,000 yrs ago

25
Q

what types of speices are vunerable to exticntion

A 
endemic species
keystone species (sea otters) that shape the environemnt and from new niches
fragile species (dodo)
slow reproductive rate
migratory species
26
Q

what were the effects of the great oxygenation event?

A

mass extincgtion of bacteria as their speciifc metabolic porcces cant cope with o2 - anoxygenic
> followed by periods of diversitfication as mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved

27
Q 
Which is the first horse of the true horse line?
Equus
Merychippus	
Mesohippus
Hyracotherium	
Pliohippus
A

merychippus

The forefoot had three digits but the middle one became larger making it easier to run on the grasslands which developed in the miocene.
> hyra is ‘‘horse-like’’

28
Q

Which is an example of obligate mutualism?
Yucca and moth

Barnacle and whale

Anemone and clown fish

Bees and flowers

A

yucca and moth

cannot survive without each other ad plant needs pollinator and wasp lays egg in fig/ripened flower

29
Q 
Which of the following is not a reason for incongruence?
Failure to speciate
Extinction 
Missing the boat
Host switching
Mutation
A

if the 2 species fail to ‘keep’ up with each other then this MISMATCH can happen
> congruence is when tree topologies match so incongruence is the opposite

30
Q

what does neodarwinism entail?

A

It combines Darwin’s theory of natural selection and Mendel’s theory of genetics to give the new assumption
> that allele frequencies can be predicted using mathematical theory.

31
Q

Define commensalism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other (the host) is harmed (-/+)

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (+/o)

A symbiotic relationship between a community or organisms where every member benefits

A

OPTION B

e.g. barnacles filter feed (+) with whale (o)

32
Q

Which option best defines macroevolution
A Small evolutionary changes within a species or population
B Small evolutionary changes regarding allele frequencies in a species or population
C A process reducing biodiversity
D Evolution on a scale at or above the level of a species
E A process generating biodiversity

A

OPTION D
b- microevolution
c- extinction
e- speciation

1051 Genetics and Evolution (11 decks)

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