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BEC > Macroeconomics (M42) > Flashcards

Macroeconomics (M42) Flashcards

1
Q

This is the price of all (goods and services produced by a domestic economy for a year at current market prices

A

Nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

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2
Q

This is the price of all goods and services produced by the economy at price level adjusted (constant) prices. Price level adjustment eliminates the effect of inflation on the measure

A

Real GDP

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3
Q

This is the maximum amount of production that could take place in an economy without putting pressure on the general level of prices

A

Potential GDP

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4
Q

What is the difference between Potential GDP and Real GDP?

A

GDP Gap

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5
Q

When the GDP Gap is positive, what does it indicate?

A

That there are unemployed resources in the economy - therefore we would expect unemployment

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6
Q

When the GDP Gap is negative, what does it indicate?

A

That the economy is running above normal capacity and we would expect prices should begin to rise (inflation)

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7
Q

This is GDP minus depreciation

A

Net Domestic Product (NDP)

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8
Q

This is the price of all goods and services produced by labor and property supplied by the nation’s residents

A

Gross National Product (GNP)

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9
Q

What are the two ways to calculate GDP?

A

1) Income Approach

2) Expenditure Approach

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10
Q

This approach of calculating GDP adds up all incomes earned in the production of final goods and services, such as wages, interest, rents, dividends, etc.

A

Income Approach

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11
Q

This approach of calculating GDP adds up all expenditures to purchase final goods and services by house-holds, business, and the government. Specifically it includes personal consumption expenditures, gross private investment in capital goods, & the country’s net exports.

A

Expenditure Approach

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12
Q

This depicts the demand of consumers, businesses, and government as well as foreign purchasers for the goods and services of the economy at different price levels

A

Aggregate Demand Curve

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13
Q

As price levels increase (inflation increases) nominal interest rates increase causing a decrease in interest sensitive spending, such as houses, automobiles, and appliances

A

Interest Rate Effect

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14
Q

When price levels increase, the market value of certain financial assets decreases causing individuals to have less wealth and therefore they reduce their consumption

A

Wealth Effect

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15
Q

When domestic price levels increase relative to foreign currencies, foreign products become less expensive causing an increase in imported goods and a decrease in exported goods. This decreases the aggregate demand for domestic products

A

International Purchasing Power Effect

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16
Q

This happens when consumers, businesses, or governments are willing to spend more or less, or when there is an increase or decrease in the demand for domestic products abroad

A

Aggregate Demand Curve Shifts

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17
Q

Marginal Propensity to Consume + Marginal Propensity to Save = …

A

1

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18
Q

[ 1 / MPS ] *

Change in Spending =

A

Increase in Equilibrium GDP

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19
Q

This is a fluctuation in aggregate economic output that lasts for several years

A

Business Cycle

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20
Q

This is a period of negative GDP growth - at least 2 consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth

A

Recession

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21
Q

A deep and long-lasting recession is referred to as…

A

a Depression

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22
Q

In periods of high technology growth, firms tend to invest more because new products and innovations tend to be more profitable. This is known as what factor affecting investment spending…

A

the rate of technology growth

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23
Q

Lower real interest rates reduce the cost of investment, known as what factor affecting investment spending…

A

The real interest rate (nominal rate minus the inflation premium)

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24
Q

If there are already enough capital goods in the economy to meet aggregate demand there is little incentive to invest, known as what factor affecting investment spending…

A

The stock of capital goods

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25
Q

This is the most volatile portion of GDP

A

Investment Spending

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26
Q

As the purchase price or operating cost of plant and equipment decreases, firms will invest more, known as what factor affecting investment spending…

A

The acquisition and operating cost of capital goods

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27
Q

Government policy can be used to stimulate investment spending, which is known as what factor affecting investment spending…

A

Actions by the government

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28
Q

Unemployment can be because of what? (3)

A

1) Frictional Causes
2) Structural Causes
3) Cyclical Causes

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29
Q

This occurs because individuals are forced or voluntarily change jobs - perhaps while looking for a job or when they are new entrants into the workforce

A

Frictional Unemployment

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30
Q

This occurs due to changes in demand for products or services, or technological advances causing not as many individuals with a particular skill to be needed

A

Structural Unemployment

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31
Q

T/F

Structural unemployment is reduced by retraining programs

A

TRUE

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32
Q

This is caused by the condition in which real GDP is less than potential GDP. Therefore, such unemployment increases during recessions and decreases during expansions

A

Cyclical Unemployment

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33
Q

This is the rate of increase in the price level of goods and services, usually measured on an annual basis.

A

Inflation

34
Q

______ is a very high, unusually increasing level of inflation

A

Hyperinflation

35
Q

This is a term used to describe a decrease in the price levels

A

Deflation

36
Q

Why is deflation so damaging?

A

Businesses do not want to borrow money and pay it back with money that has more purchasing power.

Businesses do not want to invest in plant and equipment given that the cost of plant and equipment is declining

37
Q

This measures the price that urban consumers paid for a fixed basket of goods and services in relation to the price of the same goods and services purchased in some base period

A

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

38
Q

This measures the prices of finished goods and materials at the wholesale level

A

Producer Price Index (PPI)

39
Q

This measures the prices for net exports, investment, government expenditures, and consumer spending. It is the most comprehensive measure of price level

A

GDP Deflator

40
Q

What is M1

A

M1 includes only currency and demand deposits

41
Q

What is M2

A

M2 is equal to M1 plus savings accounts and small-time deposits

42
Q

How do you define a small-time deposit?

A

Less than $100,000

43
Q

What is M3?

A

M3 is equal to M2 plus other larger time deposits

44
Q

In regulating the economy, what does the Federal Reserve focus on? (M1, M2, or M3?)

A

M2

45
Q

What is the most common instrument of monetary policy?

A

Open-Market Operations

46
Q

When a bank has a reserve deficiency, it may borrow funds from a Federal Reserve Bank. By setting ____ for such borrowing, the Federal Reserve can influence interest rates in the economy

A

Discount Rate

47
Q

This instrument of monetary policy involves the purchase or sale of government securities using the Federal Reserve Bank Deposits

A

Open-Market Operations

48
Q

Which of the following is a tool of monetary policy that a nation’s central bank could use to stabilize the economy during an inflationary period?

a) Selling government securities
b) Lowering bank reserve requirements
c) Lowering bank discount rates
d) Encouraging higher tax rates

A

A is correct

a) Reduces the money in the market - money is being put back into the government
b) Again this increases the money supply, causing more inflation. Additionally this approach is rarely used
c) This increases lending, which increases inflation
d) This is fiscal policy, not monetary policy

49
Q

This includes government actions, such as taxes, subsidies, and government spending, designed to achieve economic goals

A

Fiscal Policy

50
Q

This is levied by a government based on two principles

1) ability to pay
2) derived benefit

A

Taxes

51
Q

The US Income Tax Rate, in general, is _____

A

Progressive

52
Q

The US Property Tax Rate, in general, is ______

A

Progressive

53
Q

The US Sales Tax Rate, in general, is _______

A

Regressive

54
Q

What is the most significant wage tax in the US?

A

Social Security Tax

55
Q

This economic theory holds that market equilibrium will eventually result in full employment over the long run without government intervention - this does not support the use of fiscal policy to stimulate the economy

A

Classical Economic Theory

56
Q

This economic theory holds that the economy does not necessarily move towards full employment on its own. It focuses on the use of fiscal policy to stimulate the economy

A

Keynesian Theory

57
Q

This economic theory holds that the fiscal policy is too crude a tool for control of the economy. It focuses on the use of monetary policy to control economic growth

A

Monetarist Theory

58
Q

This economic theory holds that bolstering an economy’s ability to supply more goods is the most effective way to stimulate growth

A

Supply-Side Theory

59
Q

This economic theory combines Keynesian and monetarist theories. It focuses on using a combination of fiscal and monetary policy to stimulate the economy and control inflation

A

Neo-Keynesian Theory

60
Q

T/F

When there is reciprocal (a vs. b) absolute advantage between two countries, specialization will make it possible to produce more of each product

A

TRUE

61
Q

T/F

Absolute advantage is defined as the ability of one nation to produce a product at a relatively lower opportunity cost than another nation

A

FALSE

This is comparative advantage

62
Q

T/F

Absolute advantage without comparative advantage does not result in gains from international trade

A

TRUE

63
Q

T/F

The gains from international trade depend on specialization with comparative advantage

A

TRUE

64
Q

This is a restriction on the amount of a good that may be imported during a period

A

Import Quota

65
Q

This is a tax on an imported product

A

Tariff

66
Q

This is a total ban on the importation of specific goods

A

Embargo

67
Q

This limits the quantity of goods that can be exported to appease importing countries and keep them from imposing stiffer import restrictions

A

Voluntary Export Restraint

68
Q

What are 4 factors that influence foreign exchange rates?

A

1) Inflation
2) Interest Rates
3) Balance of Payments (flow of goods between the residents of two countries)
4) Government Intervention

69
Q

This is the exchange rate of the currency for immediate delivery

A

Spot Rate

70
Q

This is the exchange rate for currency for future delivery

A

Forward Rate

71
Q

What is the difference between a foreign currency transaction and a foreign currency translation?

A

Foreign Currency Translation - reverting over the financial statements

Foreign Currency Transaction - one piece of the financial statements (a/p, a/r) in which the money exchanging hands is not USD

72
Q

This is the risk due to exposure that a multinational company has because its financial statements must be converted to its functional currency

A

Translation Risk

73
Q

This risk relates to the possibility of gains and losses resulting from income transactions occurring during the year

A

Transaction Risk

74
Q

What are the different kinds of ways to hedge foreign currency risk?

A

1) Options
2) Forwards
3) Futures
4) Currency Swaps
5) Money Market Hedge

75
Q

This allows, but does not require, the holder to buy (call) or sell (put) a specific or standard commodity or financial instrument at a specified price during a specified period of time or at a specified date

A

Option

76
Q

These are negotiated contracts to purchase and sell a specific quantity of a financial instrument, foreign currency, or commodity at a price specified at origination of the contract, with delivery and payment at a specified future date

A

Forwards

77
Q

If the US dollar declines in value relative to the currencies of many of its trading partners, the likely result is that:

a) Foreign currencies will depreciate against the dollar
b) The US balance of payments deficit will become worse
c) US exports will tend to increase
d) US imports will tend to increase

A

C

a) Foreign Currencies will appreciate against the dollar, not depreciate
b) Because the US Exports tend to increase, the deficit will not become worse but it will become better
c) Because the US Dollar declines in value relative to other countries, our goods will be cheaper to other countries
d) US imports will tend to decrease, not increase, because the US Dollar is weaker and importing becomes more expensive

78
Q

These are forward-based standardized contracts to take delivery of a specified financial instrument, foreign currency, or commodity at a specified future date or during a specified period generally at the then-market price

A

Futures

A slightly more specific/standardized Forward Contract

79
Q

This is a forward-based contract in which two parties agree to exchange an obligation to pay cash flows in one currency for an obligation to pay in another currency

A

Currency Swaps

80
Q

This is a way of eliminating transaction risk by borrowing foreign currency when an agreement is executed. This strategy immediately converts the foreign currency to USD. Then, when the foreign currency is collected from the sale, the loan can be repaid - resulting in no foreign exchange loss or gain over the loan period

A

Money Market Hedge

81
Q

How do you calculate the Forward Premium or Discount (of one currency with respect to another currency)

A

Forward Premium/Discount = [(Forward Rate - Spot Rate) / Spot Rate] *
(Months or Days in Year / Months or Days in Forward Period)

BEC (17 decks)

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