Macro Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
The four Organic Basic Elements
A
- Hydrogen
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
2
Q
Quantity Elements
(7)
A
- Na
- Mg
- K
- Ca
- P
- S
- Cl
3
Q
Essential Trace Elements
(9)
A
- Mn
- Mo
- Fe
- Co
- Ni
- Cu
- Zn
- Se
- I
4
Q
Elements that are Pervasive but no identified biological Funtion in humans
(3)
A
- B (boron)
- Si (silicon)
- F (fluorine)
5
Q
Periodic Table
A
- There are elements that are in low quantities that are of high importance
- organic elements: dark green
- Quantity elements: macro minerals - which are bulk elements
6
Q
Magnesium
(and Associated Diseases)
A
- RED: more of an acute deficit than Ca2+
- hypersensitive and struggling cows: if you do not tend to them quickly you may lose them (even in 30min)
- they will flail their head!– hyperesthetic –> need to work from the back as that is the safest approach
- Hyperesthesia (or hyperaesthesia) is a condition that involves an abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the sense.
- There is very little homeostatic regulation in ruminants - there is avery tight balance
- If we increase milk yields, we are going to highten the demands and therefore increase the chance of hypoMg
- OR, there is a decreased intake (stopped eating or the absorption coefficient goes down)
- Absorption coefficient depends on how much the positive or negative charge in the rumen is going to be
- Ration will have an effect on what the absorption coefficient is going to be
7
Q
Magnesium Deficiency: Clinical Signs
A
- vary in the range from acute to sub-clinical
- bit edgy, will startle at loud noises and clapping
- may pedal with their feet
- May get sudden death as a result of poor absorption of Mg in the ration
8
Q
Clinical Signs of Sub Acute Magnesium Deficiency
A
- bit more vocal/moving a bit more
- depends on it stocksman can notice these subtle signs
9
Q
Clinical Signs of Chronic Mg Deficiency
A
- Chronic form of hypoMg is very vague and really specific
- basically goes for any disease in cows (clinical conditions) –> depressed milk yield
- hypoMg is associated with increased HR –> may be a good differential for hypocalcemia vs. HypoMag
10
Q
Cause of Mg Deficiency
A
- Fresh grass tends to have low levels of Mg
- may be raining or snowing out so they are inclined to eat less - more likely to get hypoMg
- may be eating it and there is enough in the ration, but the absorption coefficient in the rumen is reduced ( due to K+, N being converted into ammonia which is another postively charged ion, passage rate)If we have lush grass with low levels of fiber, that passage rate will go up and the absorption of Mg will go down
- Tend not to take a sample for Mg as there is no time to sample with the condition being so severe, but may want to take for reference (would be lower that .5 mmol/l in these cases)
11
Q
Treatment of Mg Deficiency
A
- give slowly and i/v
- BE IN SAFE ZONE
- these animals are thrashing and throwing - be safe!
- Can give teh Magnesium Sulfate but it can be pretty caustic to the skin so intravenous Ca borogluconate may be a better choice
- Don’t use vein of the udder if it is too dirty, but the udder/mammary vein may be the best if clean since it is in a safe zone from kicking
12
Q
Prevenetion of Mg Deficiency
A
- MgO is the most neutral form and tends to be fed in concentrates
- If you are feeding concentrates to the milking cow, it will contain Ca as well as Mg
- can give Mg bolus orally to cows that we think are prone to hypoMg (especially beef suckler cows with a calf at foot in the pasture are not getting concentrates–> will benefit bolus)
- Avoid K+ rich fertilizer: fertilizer will give plants the high levels of K+ in the feed that will decrease the Mg uptake in the rumen
- Mg cake is a very good way to be popular with cows
13
Q
Calcium and associated diseases
(4)
A
- think hypocalcemic as blue cows, they are cool by touch often - not moving as much and therefore do not generate as much heat for their body to stay warm
- these are all just jargin for the same thing
- Overall HYPOCALCEMIA
-
all the same thing, milk fever often used term
*
14
Q
Calcium Homeostasis
A
- Calcium is quite tightly regulated in mammalians ( if you are a cow, should be 2.3 to 3.2 mmol/l)
- BUT, if you are a dry cow you don’t need much calcium
- not much goes in, not much goes out —> absorption coefficients are rather low
- Once they calve, colostrum will drain a lot of Ca out of the system and if the cow is not used to it or prepared for it, may enter negative calcium situation and hypocalcemia (due to this imbalance in the absorption of the calcium and need by colostrum)
- These are the 4 different ways to manipulate Calcium supply
- reabsoprtion in the kidney -excreted and being reabsorbed
- bone is the biggest store of Ca in the cows, but not easy to get access to! Very slow for cows to use this reserve - even slower the older you are –>skeletal formation is rather static and inactive (takes about 2 weeks to recruit osteoclasts to break down bone and give access to Ca reserves)
- kidney is rather quick to alter reabsorption of Ca and GIT is rather slow to be altered
- PTH is main player for the kidney (excreted when there are low levels of Ca in the blood and will cause resorption from kidney)
- and other thing is that it will activate Vitamin D3 in the kidney (Kidney is converting Vit 2D into D3 which is the most active component of Vit D) which will increase absorption of Calcium in the gut
- Role of Calcitonin is uncertain in cows - would only really see where there is too much Calcium in the bloodstream which is uncommon finding in cows
- Mg is a cofactor for many of these stages, including the activation of Vit D3 and the release of PTH
- If mg is not present in bloodstream, these homeostatic processes wont be as effective and sometimes stores
15
Q
Subclinical Ca2+ deficiency
A
- typically cows are still able to stand
- calcium in the skeletal muscle is less susceptible to Ca deficit compared to smooth muscle
- see effects in such places as the gut first (stasis of gut) or bloat in the rumen (smooth muscle will respond to the low levels of Calcium quicker)
- These cows look a bit edgy (cracked out looking)
- may even look like they have neurological form of ketosis or hypomagnesium (would be a differential list)
- this blood calcium level would indicate subclinical hypocalcemia (If there are cases of clinical hypocalcemia in cows then you must assume that are likely cases of subclinical throughout the herd)
- as a consequence of the stasis in the gut, the transition will be slower and therefore the feed intake will be slower
- they will not be eating and therefore are absorbing less calcium as there is less available–> end up in this loop of being sub clinical hypocalcemic and it is a precursor to enter clinical hypocalcemia