Macleod's

Question 1

What is Halitosis?

Answer 1

Halitosis is bad breath due to gingival, dental, or pharyngeal infection.

Question 2

What is dysgeusia?

Answer 2

Altered taste sensation

Question 3

What is cacageusia?

Answer 3

Cacageusia is foul taste sensation, such as rotting food.

Question 4

What does persistent hiccups suggest?

Answer 4

Persistent hiccups suggest diaphragmatic disorder.

Question 5

What does rapid weight loss over days suggest?

Answer 5

Rapid weight loss over days suggest loss of body fluids as a result of vomiting, diarrhoea, or diuretic therapy.

Question 6

What are the 3 types of Dyspepsia?

Answer 6

1. Reflux-like dyspepsia (heartburn-predominant dyspepsia)
2. Ulcer-like dyspepsia (epigastric pain relieved by food or antacids)
3. Dysmotility-like dyspepsia (nausea, belching, bloating and premature satiety)

Question 7

What type of dyspepsia is described when patient reports that dyspepsia is worse with an empty stomach and eased by eating?

Answer 7

Peptic ulceration

Question 8

Which condition is it where patients have an adverse effect to gluten?

Answer 8

Coeliac disease

Question 9

What could be the causes of recurrent aphthous ulcers?

Answer 9

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases like Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Gluten enteropathy (Coeliac Disease)

Question 10

What is the difference between visceral abdominal pain and somatic pain

Answer 10

Visceral abdominal pain is deep and poorly localised in the midline. It is pain from distension of the hollow organs, mesenteric traction or excessive smooth muscle contraction. It is conducted via the sympathetic splanchnic nerves.

Somatic pain is from the parietal peritoneum or abdominal wall. It is lateralised and localised to the area of inflammation, and is conducted by the intercostal spinal nerves.

Question 11

What organs could be causing the pain if it is midline in the abdomen, above the umbilicus, and radiates to the back?

Answer 11

Unpaired structures such as the pancreas, stomach, liver and biliary system, causes pain above the umbilicus, is midline and radiates to the back.

Question 12

What does “globus sensation” mean?

Answer 12

Globus sensation is a term use to describe the feeling of having a lump in the throat, even though no lump is seen on examination.

Question 13

What type of dysphagia is worse for liquids than for solids?

Answer 13

Neurological dysphagia resulting from bulbar or pseudobalbar palsy.

Question 14

What type of dysphagia is worse for solids than for liquids?

Answer 14

Neuromuscular dysphagia or oesophageal dysmotility.

Question 15

Name a condition of neuromuscular dysphagia. Describe the condition.
What is a complication from this condition?

Answer 15

Achalasia, when the lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax normally, leading to progressive dilatation of the oesophagus above the sphincter. On lying down, overflow of secretions and food into the respiratory tract may occur and this can cause aspiration pneumonia

Question 16

Which condition can mimic cardiac pain?

Answer 16

Oesophageal dysmotility, causing oesophageal spasm.