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Pathophys Final > Mace Repro > Flashcards

Mace Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Production of gametes occurs in:

  • Male
  • Female
A
  • Male: testes –> sperm n

- Female: ovaries –> ovum n

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2
Q

Gametes are produced by:

A

Meiosis of germ cells (spermatogonium-2n and oogenium-2n)

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3
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

fallopian tubes

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4
Q

Is a zygote n, 2n, 4n or 6n

A

2n

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5
Q

Estrogen is produced in the __________ whereas progesterone is produced in the __________ _______

A

estrogen-ovarian follicle under influence of FSH

corpus luteum-progesterone

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6
Q

The _________ is the gonad and the ________ is the gamete.

a. Testis; ovary
b. Testis; semen
c. Testis; sperm
d. Sperm; semen
e. Semen; sperm

A

c. Testis; sperm

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7
Q

Chromosome Y contains ______ which is responsible for the formation of the testes

A

TDF

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8
Q

______ inhibits female sex character development

A

MIF/AMH
It is produced by the Sertoli cells in male fetuses and signals the regression of the Mullerian ducts, fallopian tubes, and uterus.

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9
Q

The _________ duct becomes the female primary sex organs

A

Mullerian duct

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10
Q

The primary exocrine of testes

A

sperm

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11
Q

Primary endocrine of testis

A

testosterone

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12
Q

What two things are responsible for the temperature regulation of the male repro?

A

Tunica cremaster –> abdominal muscles extension

Tunica dartos–> smooth muscle wrinkle skin

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13
Q

External covering of the epididymis

A

tunica vaginalis

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14
Q

Internal covering of the penis

A

tunica albuginea (fibrous CT)

**PROTECTIVE for the testicles

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15
Q

How does sperm mature and travel?

A

Epididymis (swim school) –> ductus deferens –> ampulla of ductus deferens –> seminal vesicle –> ejaculatory duct –> prostate

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16
Q

This emits an alkaline mucus into the spongy urethra which coats the inside of the spongy urethra and allows for pH and bacteria control

A

bulbourethral glands

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17
Q

What is cut during a vasectomy?

A

ductus deferens

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18
Q

This drains the testicle and has extensive anastomoses

A

pampiniform plexus

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19
Q

The spermatogonium has _____ pairs of chromosomes

A

46

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20
Q

Is there primary spermatocyte formed from meiosis I or meiosis II

A

meiosis I

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21
Q

Is there secondary spermatocyte formed from meiosis I or meiosis II

A

meiosis II

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22
Q

How many chromosomes do you have in the secondary spermatocyte?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes with 4 spermatids

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the blood testis barrier and why is it important?

A
  • -Some call it a Sertoli cell barrier -> helps establish different chemical environments between what would be blood and what would be developing environment for sperm
  • -blocks lymph, complement and antibody entrance that might want to access the sperm
  • This is a problem because things like lymphocytes and complement take one look at the secondary spermatocyte with only 23 pairs or the spermatids with only 23 singles and they are going to attack it as a foreign substance
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24
Q

Where does the development of sperm take place?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

After the sperm are in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, where do they go next?

A

epididymis where they increase the # of mitochondria

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26
Q

The blood testis barrier

a. Prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells
b. Prevents heat loss from the testes
c. Prevents blood from getting to the testes
d. Maintains testis temperature at 35° C
e. Maintains testis temperature at 37° C

A

a. Prevents antibodies in the blood from getting to the germ cells

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27
Q

The _______ has/have no androgen receptors and do not respond to it.

a. Germ cells
b. Muscular tissue
c. Sustentacular cells
d. Hypothalamus
e. Pituitary gland

A

a. Germ cells

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28
Q

What are the three parts of the urethra from most superior to inferior?

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous urethra
  3. Spongy urethra
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29
Q

What is the function of the rete testis?

A

The rete testis helps to mix sperm cells around in the fluid secreted by Sertoli cells. The body reabsorbs this fluid as sperm cells travel from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.

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30
Q

From their formation to ejaculation, sperm cells take the following pathway.

a. Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, urethra, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens.
b. Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, urethra.
c. Seminiferous tubule, epididymis, rete testis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
d. Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
e. Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra, ductus deferens.

A

d. Seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.

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31
Q

Function of the epididymis?

A

On posterior side of each teste and promote maturation of sperm cells (swim school)

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32
Q

What type of cell surrounds the ductus deferentia?

A

-Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Each extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
-Also has smooth muscle so we can have peristalsis like contractions

33
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles and what does it secrete?

A
  • Secrete alkaline fluid, fructose and prostaglandins.
  • Contents empty into the ejaculatory duct and provides a perfect environment for sperm to exist in and help control the vaginal acidity
34
Q

What does the prostate secrete and what is the function?

A
  • Secretes a thin, milky alkaline fluid

- Secretion enhances sperm mobility

35
Q

What type of cells is the prostate gland made of?

A

Tubular glands in connective tissue and also contains smooth muscle

36
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

-mucus-like fluid in response to sexual stimulation

37
Q

Why are the bulbourethral glands important?

A

Mucus coats the inside of the urethra so that sperm don’t get caught in foreign or hostile environment within the penis

38
Q

Semen can depend on the _____ of the male

A

hydration

39
Q

FSH released from the anterior pituitary acts on the ______ cells for sperm production which produce ______ which is stimulatory for testosterone

A

sertoli

ABP- antigen binding protein- (which binds testosterone and helps maintain a high concentration of testosterone within the testes)

40
Q

LH goes to the ________ cells which are our main testosterone producers

A

interstitial

41
Q

What is our main negative feedback hormone to the hypothalamus?

A

testosterone

42
Q

Sertoli cells produce ______ which inhibits the anterior pituitary

A

inhibin

43
Q

_________stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete_______

a. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); LH
b. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)
c. Luteinizing hormone (LH); androgen-binding protein (ABP)
d. Luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone
e. Luteinizing hormone (LH); estrogen

A

d. Luteinizing hormone (LH); testosterone

44
Q

Erection is

a. An autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
b. An autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers.
c. A somatic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
d. A somatic reflex mediated predominantly by sympathetic nerve fibers.
e. An exclusively voluntary action mediated by the cortex

A

a. An autonomic reflex mediated predominantly by parasympathetic nerve fibers.

45
Q

______ is the beginning of your reproductive life and ________ is the end of your reproductive life

A

puberty, climacteric

46
Q

What are some things that happen during puberty?

A
  • increased erythropoeisis
  • thickening of the skin
  • increase basal metabolic rate
  • increased sebum productino
  • increased secondary sex characterisitcs
  • increased pubic and axillary hair growth
47
Q

What is vaginal metaplasia?

A

Vagina goes through metaplasia which is thickening and increasing in size in preparation for intercourse

48
Q

During the climacteric part of males, you see a continuation of ________ and a decrease in _________

A

spermatogenesis and decrease in testosterone

49
Q

After puberty, the vaginal lining becomes ______ to __________

a. Simple squamous epithelium, allow fast diffusion of nutrients in case a zygote is implanted
b. Stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion
c. Transitional epithelium; provide more elasticity necessary for coitus and delivery
d. Simple columnar; facilitate sperm absorption and secretion of vaginal lubricants
e. Simple cuboidal; provide protection and lubrication

A

b. Stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion

50
Q

The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a stage specifically called

a. Puberty
b. Climacteric
c. Thelarche
d. Pubarche
e. Menarche

A

d. Pubarche

51
Q

The tertiary follicle is also called the _________ follicle

A

vesicle follicle because it is a vesicle for the ova

52
Q

__________ cells produce estrogen

A

granulosa

53
Q

Theca cells are in the ________ _______

A

stratum granulosum

54
Q

The prenatal period is _______

A

mitosis

55
Q

From preadolescence to menopause, we undergo _______

A

meiosis I

56
Q

The first polar body of meiosis I contatins what?

A

genetic material but nothing else (everything else goes into the secondary oocyte)- dies

57
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte of a female?

A

You ovulate it (n)- dies

58
Q

______ refers to any stage from primary oocyte until fertilization

A

ovum

59
Q

In the primordial follicle, you will have a ________ oocyte

A

primary (prophase 1)

*simple squaous cells

60
Q

in the primary follicle, you will have a ______ oocyte

A

primary

*cuboidal granulosa cells

61
Q

In a secondary follicle you will have ________

A

Primary finishes meiosis I, secondary oocyte starts

62
Q

In a mature/tertiary follicle, you will have ______

A

secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II/metaphase

63
Q

In ovulation, what happens to the secondary oocyte

A

Secondary oocyte is arrested from the ovary

64
Q

Is the functional layer or the basal layer of the endometrium sloughed off?

A

the functional layer

65
Q

What stimulates LH for the LH surge?

A

estrogen

66
Q

The menstrual cycle is also called the _______ cycle

A

uterine

67
Q

Day 1-day 5 is what part in the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual phase

68
Q

Day 6-day 14 is what part in the uterine cycle?

A

proliferative phase

69
Q

Day 15-day 26 is what part in the uterine cycle?

A

secretory phase

70
Q

Day 27-day 28 is what part in the uterine cycle?

A

premenstrual phase

71
Q

What is the hormone in charge during the proliferative phase?

A

estrogen

72
Q

What is the hormone in charge during the secretory phase?

A

progesterone

73
Q

After expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the ________ and secretes_______.

a. Corpus albicans; FSH and LH
b. Corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone
c. Corpus luteum; FSH and LH
d. Corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
e. Corpus albicans; progesterone

A

d. Corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase?

a. GnRH
b. FSH
c. LH
d. Progesterone
e. Estradiol

A

d. Progesterone

75
Q

The term menstrual cycle specifically refers to

a. The sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth.
b. The events that recur every month during pregnancy
c. The cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause.
d. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes.
e. The cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by shifting hormone changes.

A

d. The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by the shifting hormone changes.

76
Q

________ is the production of milk whereas ________ is the ejection of milk

A

Prolactin, oxytocin

77
Q

Mammary glands develop within the breasts primarily

a. During the last weeks of fetal development.
b. At birth.
c. During infancy.
d. During puberty.
e. During pregnancy.

A

d. During puberty.

78
Q

The basis for contraceptive pills is that they mimic the __________ feedback effects of _______.

a. Positive; FSH and LH
b. Positive; estrogens and progesterone
c. Negative; FSH and LH
d. Negative; human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
e. Negative; estrogens and progesterone

A

e. Negative; estrogens and progesterone

Pathophys Final (3 decks)

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