Mace Acid Base Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid is _____ of the total fluid

A

2/3

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2
Q

What ions does the intracelluar fluid contain?

A

K+, Mg2+, PO43- & negatively charged proteins

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid is _____ of the total fluid

A

1/3

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4
Q

What ions does the extracelluar fluid contain?

A

with sodium, calcium, chloride, bicarb and little or no protein.

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5
Q

What ions does plasma contain?

A

with sodium, calcium, chloride, bicarb AND protein.

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6
Q

Do we regulate intracellular or extracellular fluid?

A

extracellular

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7
Q

Where is most of the body’s water found?

a. In the blood
b. Outside the cells (tissue/interstitial fluid)
c. Inside the cells (intracellular)
d. In the lymph

A

c. Inside the cells (intracellular)

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8
Q

What is fluid intake? How many mL/day?

A

food and drink and metabolic water

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9
Q

What is fluid output? How many mL/day?

A

broken down into what we can control and varies from day to day and things we cannot control (expired air, sweat, and cutaneous transpiration) && Fluid loss like feces and urine (have an involuntary component) but we can control by our intake of water and amount we move around. Can also regulate with hormones like angiotension, aldo, etc.)

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10
Q

Measurable fluid loss and includes fluid lost in feces and urine

A

Sensible water loss

*contains obligatory and facultative

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11
Q

Immeasurable water loss includes expired air and fluid lost from the skin

A

Insensible water loss

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12
Q

Loss of water that always occurs, regardless of the state of hydration in the body, feces and urine. Cutaneous transpiration, sweat and expired air

A

Obligatory water loss

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13
Q

Controlled water loss through regulation of the amount of urine expelled from the body

A

Facultative water loss

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14
Q

What are examples of abnormal fluid loss?

A

Vomiting and hemorrhage

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15
Q

What hormones decreases urine output?

A
  • Ang II
  • ADH: conserve the fluid volume of yourbodyby reducing the amount ofwaterpassed out in the urine
  • Aldo
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16
Q

What increases urine output?

A

ANP because it causes increased renalexcretionof salt and water, vasodilation, and increased vascular permeability.

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17
Q

Long term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with

a. Cooling of the mouth
b. Distention of the stomach by ingested water
c. A drop in blood osmolarity
d. Moistening of the mouth
e. Increased salivation

A

c. A drop in blood osmolarity

**key word is long term

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18
Q

What happens to the osmolarity in hypovolemia?

A

You lose blood as a whole but osmolarity remains CONSTANT

-hemorrhage, chronic vomit, burn

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19
Q

What happens to the osmolarity in dehydration?

A

INCREASED osmolarity (sweat = more water loss than salt)

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20
Q

What happens to the extracellular fluid in hypervolemia?

A

ECF remains isotonic and you have a whole lot more fluid (IV fluid)

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21
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of ECF in hypotonic hydration?

A

ECF decreased osmolarity can lead to cerebral edema (water toxicity- intake too high)

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22
Q

What is fluid sequestration?

A

Where fluid is being sequestered to another compartment like in pleural effusion or hematoma that is taking up fluid in a component

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23
Q
In which of these compartments would fluid accumulate in edema?
a. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
b. Transcellular fluid
c. Tissue (interstitial) fluid
d. Blood plasma
lymph
A

c. Tissue (interstitial) fluid

24
Q

What two ions are dominant in the blood plasma and ICF?

A

sodium and chloride

25
Are the blood plasma and ICF equal in osmolarity?
yes (300)
26
What is the dominant ion inside the cell?
K+
27
Why is there almost no calcium in the intracellular fluid compared to the blood plasma?
Its sequestered into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
28
When there is a decreased H20 or increased Na concentration (blood plasma hypertonic), what happens to the movement of water?
Water moves out of the ICF of the cell and into the plasma by osmosis
29
When there is an increased H20 or increased Na concentration (blood plasma hypotonic), what happens to the movement of water?
Water moves out of the blood plasma and into the cell (ICF)
30
This hormone retains Na+ and water & Maintains Na+ blood plasma concentration
Aldosterone
31
This hormone retains water and Decreases Na+ blood plasma concentration
ADH A damn holding
32
This hormone Increases excretion of Na+ and H2O and Decreases Na+ blood plasma concentration
ANP A Nasty Pee
33
What are blood K+ levels dependent upon?
K+ levels, H+ levels and insulin
34
How does k+ go into and out of the cell?
NOT osmosis but by K+ leak channels
35
How does K+ maintain blood pH?
If blood H+ increases, H+ enters cells and K+ exits cells (going into blood). If blood H+ decreases, H+ exits cells and K+ enters cells. *they are opposite of each other
36
How does K+ maintain blood K+ following a meal?
Insulin increases the movement of both glucose and K+ into the cells from the blood
37
What is aldosterone's role in maintaining potassium?
Causes K+ secretion by kidneys (and excretion in urine) & Decreases K+ blood plasma concentration
38
Why is chloride important?
It is the counter ion of Na+ (because of its - charge) and it is important in ECF and influence on pH regulation. Also important in stomach and iron solubility
39
What is the function of calcium?
Skeletal strength, muscle contraction, NT release, blood clotting, poly sperm blockage
40
What is the distribution and regulation of calcium?
PTH, calcitriol, calcitonin
41
What happens in hypercalcemia?
Alkalosis, weaken muscles decreased Na permeability
42
What happens in hypocalcemia?
increase Na permeability
43
What is the role of phosphates?
High in ICF, Fxn: buffer of pH, activates metabolic pathways (ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphates), Building block of nucleotides Regulation: PTH
44
What is the role of magnesium?
2nd most abundant cation in ICF, co-factor of enzymes, | required for muscle relaxation, lost in sweat and urine
45
What is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume? a. Intracellular K+ b. Extracellular Na+ c. Intracellular Ca2+ d. Extracellular Cl- e. Intracellular PO43-
b. Extracellular Na+ determines where water goes
46
What cells function in an acidic state?
Type A intercalated cells in collecting duct function in the acidic state -Allow H+ excretion in the urine and HCO3- reabsorbed in blood
47
What cells function in an alkaline state?
Type B intercalated cells function in the alkaline state. HCO3- secreted into the urine. H+ is reabsorbed to the blood through a different cell type in the collecting duct of the kidney
48
What is the most efficient physiological buffer in our body?
Kidneys
49
What is the fastest physiological buffer in our body?
lung
50
What are three major buffers within the fluids?
carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions (ECF), phosphate buffer system (ICF), protein buffer system (ICF)
51
Bicarb is regulated by the _______
kidneys
52
In a normal state, there is _______ amounts of bicarb and carbonic acid in our blood
equal
53
In respiratory acidosis, not blowing off a lot of CO2 so what do the kidneys start to do?
Conserve bicarb, releasing less
54
In respiratory alkalosis, blowing off too much CO2 so what do the kidneys start to do?
low carbonic acid so kidneys excrete more bicarb
55
``` _______represents the complete chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer A. CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  HCO3- + H+   B. CO2 + H2O  HCO3- + H+  H2CO3   C. H2CO3  CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ D. H2CO3  HCO3- + H+   E. CO2 + H2O  HCO3- + H+ ```
A. CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  HCO3- + H+  
56
IF excess hydrogen ions are added to the blood, the body will respond by a. Increased respiration and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions b. Increased respiration and excretion of bicarbonate ions c. Decreased respiration and excretion of hydrogen ions d. Decreased respiration and reabsorption of hydrogen ions
a. Increased respiration and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions