Mac: Midterms (M1-M5) Flashcards
Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus
- DNA
- RNA
- Chromosome
- Gene
-Chromosome
Chromosomes are the thread-like structures located inside the nucleus that is made up of protein and a single molecule of DNA.
DNA consists of 2 strands that wind around one another to form the double helix.
RNA is a polymeric molecule.
Study of noncoding DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and chloroplast DNA
- Genetics
- Proteomics
- Genomics
- Taxonomics
-Genomics
Genetics study of heredity.
Proteomics investigates how proteins affect and are affected by cell processes.
Taxonomics application dealing with karyotyping
Which of the following are components of DNA
I. Pentose Structure II. Nitrogenous Acids
III. Hydrogen Bonds IV. Phosphodiester Bonds
- I,II,III
- I,III,IV
- I,II,IV
- II,III,IV
- I,III,IV
Components of DNA includes:
Sugar Phosphate Backbone
Sugar = 2-deoxyribose (pentose)
Phosphate Groups = Join together to form PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
Nitrogenous Bases
Purines & Pyrimidines
Hydrogen Bonds
Holds DNA strands together (between bases on adjacent strands)
Which of the following statements is wrong?
- Adenine and Guanine are Purines found in DNA
- Uracil and Thymine are types of Pyrimidines
- Purines contain a 5-membered nitrogen ring fused to a imidazole
- Pyrimidines are organic compounds that contain a 1 6- membered nitrogen ring
-Purines contain a 5-membered nitrogen ring fused to a imidazole
Purines (Adenine and Guanine) contain a 6-membered nitrogen containing ring fused to an imidazole
6 not 5
Identify the complementary RNA strand of the DNA Template:
GTCAGGCCAGT
- CAGUCCGGUCA
- CAGTCCGGTCA
- CAGACCGGTGA
- CAGCTACCTTA
-CAGUCCGGUCA
RNA uses URACIL
THIS ONE IS A DNA: CAGTCCGGTCA
How many chromosomes do humans have?
- 46
- 44
- 23
- 22
-46
2 are sex chromosomes.
44 are somatic
Method of chromosome analysis at the metaphase stage:
- PCR
- Karyotyping
- Pharmacogenomics
- Protemics
-Karyotyping
Cells that enable body to develop,groe and repair damage
- Somatic Cells
- Gamete Cells
- STEM Cells
- Diploid Cells
-STEM Cells
Somatic Cells are BODY CELLS
Gametes Cells are SEX CELLS
Diploid Cell — any cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes.
Degrades debris and recycles cells contents
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Vesicle
- Lysosome
-Lysosome
ER = Site of protein synthesis Golgi = Site where sugars are made Vesicle = Temporarily store substances
Which statement is true?
- In Signal Transduction, series of molecules form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit and return them outward
- Cellular adhesion is a process wherein the cell membrane helps cells attach to certain other cells
- The outer region of the plasma membrane blocks entry & exit to most substances
- It has an inner “hydrophilic” layer and an outer “hydrophobic” layer
-Cellular adhesion is a process wherein the cell membrane helps cells attach to certain other cells
In Signal Transduction, series of molecules form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit and return them outward (INWARD)
Cellular adhesion is a process wherein the cell membrane helps cells attach to certain other cells.
The outer (INNER) region of the plasma membrane blocks entry & exit to most substances.
It has an inner (OUTER) “hydrophilic” layer and an outer “hydrophobic” layer.
Referred to as one of the 2 major stages of cell cycle that is (non-dividing)
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Interphase
- Cytokinesis
- Interphase
2 major stages are MITOSIS & INTERPHASE
Mitosis is dividing
Interphase is non diving
Cytokinesis apportions one set of chromosomes into each of the 2 daughter cells.
Meiosis is cell division giving rise to sperm & egg cells.
Which of the following can happen during Exit of a cell at the G1 phase into G0 PHASE or Quiet phase?
- Proceed to division
- Remain Specialized
- Cell Death
- All of the above
-All of the above
How many phases are there in the interphase?
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 1
- 3
2 GAPS PHASES & 1 SYNTHESIS PHASE.
In Interphase, the cell continues the basic biochemical functions while replicating DNA.
Which is generally found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?
- Ribosomes
- Flagella
- Cytoskeleton
- Vesicles
- Flagella
Flagella are used for locomotion in prokaryotes
Ribosomes are present
Cytoskeleton may or may not be present.
Vesicles and vacuoles can be found in some more complex forms of prokaryotes (gas vesicles).
A process in females that chemically activates sperm?
- Capacitation
- Fertilization
- Contractions
- Oocyte Secretions
Capacitation
Is an oocyte chemical secretion that attracts sperm.
This helps sperm reach its destination.
Also helped by contractions in females.
Sperm flagellar power and presence is a factor for sperm to reach the oocyte.
Mitosis produces_____ ___ & Meiosis produces____
- 2 diploid cells, 4 haploid gametes
- 4 haploid gametes, 2 diploid cells
- 2 diploid gametes, 4 haploid cells
- 4 haploid cells, 2 diploid gametes
- 2 diploid cells, 4 haploid gametes
Mitosis = produces 2 diploid CELLS Meiosis = produces 4 haploid GAMETES
Which statements are true?
- Meiosis I is called REDUCTION DIVISION
- Meiosis II is called EQUATIONAL DIVISION
- All of the Above
- None of the Above
-All of the Above
A phase where chromosomes align along the equator?
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
-Metaphase
Prophase
Chromosome condensation is visible
Interphase
Phase between Meiosis II & End of Meiosis I
Anaphase
Movement to opposite poles
Telophase
There is a significant nuclear membrane with more defined furrow or cleavage.
Spermatogonia are ___ cells that go through___ with___ offspring going to differentiate into a sperm cell.
- Diploid cells, meiosis, 2
- Undifferentiated cells, mitosis, 4
- Stem cells, meiosis, 1
- Stem cells, mitosis, 1
-Stem cells, mitosis, 1
These STEM Cells, called spermatogonia (singular: spermatagonium), go through mitosis with one offspring going on to differentiate into a sperm cell, while the other gives rise to the next generation of sperm.
Which is true about DIZYGOTIC TWINS?
- Called MULTIPLES
- 2 Sperm fertilize 2 Oocytes
- No more alike than any 2 siblings
- All of the Above
-All of the Above
Fraternal or dizygotic (DZ)
Twins result when two sperm fertilize two oocytes. This can happen if ovulation occurs into ovaries in the same month, or if two oocytes leave the same ovary and are both fertilized. DZ twins or no more alike than any two siblings, although they share a very early environment in the uterus. the tendency to have DZ twins may run in families if the woman sometimes ovulates two oocytes in a month.
Identical or monozygotic (MZ)
Twins descend from a single fertilized ovum and therefore are genetically identical. They are natural clones. three types of MZ twin can form, Depending upon when the fertilized ovum are very early embryo split, this difference in timing determines which supportive structures the twins share.
Correct stages in sequence of prenatal development:
- zygote, inner cell mass, notochord, morula, gastrula, fetus
- zygote, morula, notochord, inner cell mass, gastrula, fetus
- zygote, morula, inner cell mass, gastrula, notochord, fetus
- zygote, gastrula, inner cell mass, morula, notochord, fetus
-zygote, morula, inner cell mass, gastrula, notochord, fetus
Your son or daughter is called?
- First Filial Generation
- Second Filial Generation
- P1
- None of the Above
-First Filial Generation
P1 are the parents
F1 as the 1st generation.
F2 are the grandchildren or the offspring of P1 Children.
Which statements are true?
- Gregor Mendel was the first to probe the underlying rules of inheritance of specific traits.
- William bateson renamed the term “ elemento”
- Mendel described units of inheritance that pass traits from generation to generation and called them “elementen”
- All of the Above
- All of the Above
Bateson gave the term GENETICS to the Mendelian Experiment.
According to what Law does 2 dihybrid parents give birth or result in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of offspring ( 9 showing all dominant traits, 6 (with different characters) show a mix of dominant and recessive traits and 1 which shows all recessive traits?
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
States that for two genes on different chromosomes, the inheritance of one does not influence the chance in inheriting the other. Thus they “ independently assort” because they are packaged into gametes at random.
Which aligns with the concept of Mitochondrial Genes?
- Follows Law of Segregation
- Many mitochondrial gene disorders are homoplasmic
- Mitochondrial genes cross over and mutate frequently
- Passed by mother to all children
-Passed by mother to all children
The basis of the Law of Segregation, that both parents contribute genes equally to offspring, DOES NOT APPLY for mitochondrial genes.
mrDNA encoded genes act in the mitochondrion.
Mitochondrial genes are maternally inherited. Only females transmit mitochondrial genes while males can inherit such a trait but cannot pass it on.
Mitochondrial genes do not cross over, and they mutate more frequently than nuclear DNA.
The 37 mitochondrial genes encode tRNA, rRNA, or proteins involved in protein synthesis or energy reactions.
Many mitochondrial disorders are heteroplasmic, with mitochondria in single cell harboring different alleles
Capital letters represent __ allele and small letters represent ___ allele. What genotype best represents a “Carrier”
- TT
- Tt
- tt
- None of the Above
-Tt
Dominant traits
Represented by capital letters.
Recessive traits
Represented by small letters.
A Carrier manifests or expresses dominant traits but carries recessive alleles.
Which is true?
- Inconclusive pedigrees arise when families are small and the trait is not severe enough to impair fertility
- Autosomal Recessive traits can skip generations
- Autosomal Dominant traits can appear in every generation either sex
- All of the Above
-All of the Above
Inconclusive pedigrees can be caused by either recessive or dominant autosomal traits.
If a mother has a phenotypic blood type AO and a father has a phenotypic blood type of AB, Using a Punnett square, what are the possible blood types of the 4 expected children?
- A,AB,B
- A,B,AB,O
- 2 AB, 2 O
- A & B
- A,AB, B
AA, AO is blood type A (showing complete dominance)
BO is type B (showing complete dominance)
AB is type AB (showing Co-dominance)
Note: ABO is more applicable in Co-dominance.
If a mother has both dominant and recessive X-linked traits and the father has a recessive X-linked trait, which of the statements will NOT conclude the situation?
- Daughters will end up as carriers
- Sons will be unaffected
- Both sons and daughters are at risk of expressing the recessive trait
- Sons have 50% chances of expressing the recessive trait
-Sons will be unaffected
Which is true about X inactivation?
- Generally happens to females
- Both traits from parents can be expressed
- Encoded in the bar body traits can be expressed
- All of the Above
-All of the Above
If the father expresses the X-linked recessive trait, and the mother is a homozygote with a dominant trait, which statement expresses truth?
- 50% of kids are dominant the rest are carrier, regardless of sex
- All sons will express maternal traits
- All daughters are carriers
- All except A
-All except A
Which statement is true?
- Pseudohermaphroditism is a type of Androgen insensitivity
- Intersex has inconsistencies of what organs are showing and what internal organs are developed
- Hermaphrodites have both sex organ
- All of the Above
-All of the Above
Hemophilia is:
- A dominant autosomal disorders
- A bleeding disorder
- Commonly expressed in females passed on to carrier sons
- All of the Above
-A bleeding disorder
It is recessive
If in the absence of X inactivation… Daughters are carriers and their sons express or suffer from it.
Ichthyosis is:
- Enzyme deficiency blocks removal of cholesterol from skin cells, the upper skin layer cannot peel off as it normally does, appearing brown and scaly;
- X-linked recessive
- Grandfather to grandson via daughter carrier
- All of the Above
-All of the Above
PRADER-WILLI is:
- Chromosome 13 deletion, paternal
- Chromosome 13, paternal
- Chromosome 13, maternal
- Chromosome 15, maternal
-Chromosome 13, paternal
