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Biology (mine) > MAB 2 > Flashcards

MAB 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what form is oxygen carried in blood, in what part of the blood, and from where does it enter and leave

A

Oxyhemoglobin. It is carried in RBC, through the lungs and out of cells

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2
Q

In what form is lipids carried in blood, in what part of the blood, and from where does it enter and leave

A

Chylomicron (lipids bounded to proteins)

Carried in the plasma, entering the digestive system and exiting in body cells

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3
Q

In what form is salts carried in blood, in what part of the blood, and from where does it enter and leave

A

Dissolved iron. Carried in the plasma, enters the digestive system and leaves the excretory system/cells/kidneys

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4
Q

In what form is water carried in blood, in what part of the blood, and from where does it enter and leave

A

Liquid solvent

Carried in the plasma, from the digestive system and cells to the kidneys

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5
Q

In what form is nitrogenous waste carried in blood, in what part of the blood, and from where does it enter and leave

A

Urea in the plasma from the digestive system to cells and kidneys

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6
Q

In what form are other substances carried in blood, in what part of the blood, and from where does it enter and leave

A

Sugars in the form of glucose, amino acids carried in the plasma from the digestive system to cells

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7
Q

Function of the artery

A

Carry blood AWAY from the heart to different parts of the body
Carry oxygenated blood

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8
Q

Structure of artery and relate to its function

A
  • thick walls to withstand the force of blood being pumped out of the heart
  • elastic tissue in the wall helps maintain blood pressure as the wall contracts back after each pulse- expand to accommodate to large volumes of blood
  • smooth muscle in the middle layer controls the diameter of the artery’s lumen and hence controls the amount of blood in the vessels and rate of flow
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9
Q

Function of the vein

A

Carry blood towards the heart

Carry deoxygenated blood

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10
Q

Structure of veins in relation to the function of it

A
  • thinner walls as they carry blood under low pressure
  • larger lumen to allow for easy flow of blood back to the heart
  • thinner muscular wall and less elastic tissue
    Less pressure, holds more blood, allows them to be easily compressed
  • outer layer contains connective tissue
    Holds blood vessels within the body and contain collagen fibres which are resistant to over stretching
  • valves
    Prevent back flow of blood. Open to allow blood to flow towards the heart but the pressure of blood trying to flow back causes them to shut
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11
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that bring blood into close contact with tissues ensuring no cells are far from a blood supply. Their function is to allow for the exchange of chemical substances between cells and the bloodstream

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12
Q

In what form is carbon dioxide carried in blood, in what part of the blood, and from where does it enter and leave

A

Hydrogen bicarbonate ions is carried in red blood cells (attached to haemoglobin) and plasma. It enters from the body cells and exits through the lungs

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13
Q

Structure of capillaries in relation to its function

A
  • consists of an endothelium of one cell thickness
    The thin walls enable substances to effectively diffuse between cells and the blood in the capillaries
  • small lumen
    Only slightly larger than the diameter of red blood cells. Meaning RBC are forced to pass through the capillaries in single file. Blood is forces to slow down, allowing for the slow process of diffusion as well as increasing the SA of RBC for maximum exchange of gases
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14
Q

What happens when blood goes through the lungs

A

Blood in: low oxygen
- high carbon dioxide

Blood out: high oxygen
- low carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What happens when blood goes through the kidney

A 
Blood in: high urea
High carbon dioxide
Low carbon dioxide
High salts
High water
( high nitrogenous waste)
Blood out: low urea
Low oxygen
High carbon dioxide
Low salts
Low water
( low nitrogenous waste)
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16
Q

What happens when blood goes through the small intestines

A 
Blood in: high oxygen
Low carbon dioxide
Low amino acids
Low glucose
Low nutrients
Blood out: low oxygen
High carbon dioxide
High amino acids
High glucose
High nutrients
17
Q

What happens when blood goes through the heart

A

Blood in :
Right side - deoxygenated blood
Left side - higher levels of oxygenated blood

Blood out:
Right side: Deoxygenated blood leaves
Left side: higher Levels of oxygenated blood leaves

18
Q

What happens when blood goes through the liver

A

Blood in: high oxygen
Low carbon dioxide
Low urea

Blood out:
Low oxygen
High carbon dioxide
High urea

19
Q

Explain why the need for oxygen is important in living cells

A

Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration. Respiration is used by cells to obtain energy from glucose. The energy produced in respiration sustains processes such as growth, repairs of tissues, movement, excretion and reproduction

20
Q

What is the theory used to describe the movement of materials in the xylem

A

Transpiration stream (TACT)

21
Q

Describe transpiration stream theory

A
  1. Water and dissolved minerals are absorbed into the plants roots by osmosis through the roof tip hairs. Water pressure in the roots then forces water to move into xylem tubes however this pressure is not sufficient to life the water up the vessels into leaves
  2. The sun warms the plants leaves and the stomata opens and water evaporates through these opening (transpiration)
  3. As water molecules leave through the stomata, more water is pulled up from the root to replace them. This upward flow is called the transpiration stream
  4. This creates tension. Due to adhesion (attraction between water molecules and walls) and cohesion(attraction between water molecules), the water column sticks together and doesn’t break which pulls the whole column upward.
22
Q

What is the theory used to describes the movement of materials in the phloem

A

Source to sink theory

23
Q

Describe the source path sink theory

A

The phloem transports organic materials up and down the stem

  1. Sugars and other mineral nutrient are actively loaded into the phloem sieve cells at the leaves (source) from neighbouring companion cells. This loading occurs against the concentration gradient and hence requires atp.
  2. As the sugars are actively loaded into the sieve elements, they increase the concentration of solutes in the phloem. This causes water to move into the phloem by osmosis (passive)
  3. This creates a large amount of solute and water content in the phloem vessel near the sugar source. This exerts high turgor pressure (water pressure) and causes water to flow along the phloem from a high water pressure area to a low one(from source to sink) carrying sucrose and other nutrients
  4. At the sink, sucrose and nutrients are actively removed from the phloem into companion cells and then surrounding plant tissue. As sucrose leaves the phloem at the sink, water also leaves by osmosis and thus water pressure at this region decreases.

As sugars are dissolved in water, it flows at the same rate as water

24
Q

What is blood component therapy

A

Where a single donation of blood can be used to treat several patients suffering from different illnesses

25
Q

What are platelets used for

A

Important for blood clotting and preventing excess blood loss

They work by sticking to one another and to blood fibres at the site of a wound, helping to seal blood vessels

May be used for patients who need to increase their blood clotting ability

26
Q

What are fresh frozen plasmas used for

A

Treat bleeding disorder in which clotting factors are needed

  • can replace clotting factors if platelet concentration is not available
  • maintains correct fluid volume and blood pressure
  • used to quickly increase blood proteins
27
Q

What are immunoglobulins used for

A

They are antibodies produced by WBC
- involved in fighting infections
- boosts a persons level of antibodies
Eg Ebola

28
Q

What are some examples of artificial blood

A

Haemoglobin based oxygen carriers

Per fluorocarbon

29
Q

Explain haemoglobin based oxygen carriers

Adv and disadv

A

Made from haemoglobin extracted from RBCS which are obtained from outdated, donated human blood
Adv: do not require cross matching, stored in long periods of time
Disadv: limited time in circulation before haemoglobin oxidises, only carries oxygen hence no clotting factors, must be refrigerated and difficult to manufacture

30
Q

Explain perflurocarbons and adv and disadv

A

Oxygen carrying compounds which increases the solubility of oxygen in plasma. They are insoluble and must be combined with lipids in order to form an emulsion that can travel in blood
Adv- increases the plasmas carrying ability up to 50%, carries enough oxygen to sustain tissue functioning in the absence of RBC, 70 times smaller than RBC so are able to penetrate and supply oxygen to parts of the body RBC may not be able to reach, mass produced, sterile, no cross matching

Disadv- unsuccessful as they cannot be given in large enough quantities to produce a significant result for patients

Biology (mine) (7 decks)

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