MA-Endocrine Gland, Female Repro I & II Flashcards
1
Q
Most endocrine glads consist of what kind of tissue?
A
Epithelial tissue
2
Q
What is a defining characteristic that differentiates endocrine from exocrine glands?
A
Endocrine glands do NOT have ducts.
Endocrine glands are highly vascular and hormones are secreted into capillaries
3
Q
Do endocrine hormones act short distance or long distance typically?
A
Long distance, distributed by circulation, however some hormones may act on adjacent cells, in a paracrine fashion
4
Q
the prefix aden- means what?
A
adeno- means glandular, therefore an adenocarcinoma is a tumor of glandular origin
5
Q
Biochemically, hormones can be divided into 2 classes, which are what?
A
- Membrane impermeable, hydrophilic, which work via 2nd messengers (peptides and proteins)
- Membrane permeable, hydrophobic, which bind to receptors inside the cell to affect transcription (steroid and thyroid hormones)
6
Q
What are typical features of cells secreting protein or polypeptide hormones?
A
Abundant RER
Prominent Golgi
7
Q
What are typical features of steroid-producing cells?
A
Central nucleus
Lipid droplets in cytoplams (foamy appearance)
Abundant SER (chol synthesis)
8
Q
The anterior pituitary is derived what which cell type?
The posterior pituitary is derived from which cell type?
A
Anterior pituitary: Oral ectoderm
Posterior pituitary: Neural ectoderm
9
Q
What types of cells do the anterior/posterior pituitary glad consist of?
A
Anterior: epithelial
Posterior: neurons and glial
10
Q
What are the 3 regions of the anterior pituitary?
A
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars distalis
- Pars intermedia
11
Q
Does the posterior pituitary (poster hypophysis/neurohypophysis) contain secretory cells?
A
No, it stores and secretes hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus
12
Q
The anterior pituitary can be divided into 2 groups based on staining in routine histological preparation, what are they?
A
- Chromophils -secretory cells that can be further divided into basophils (B-FLAT) and acidophils (GPA)
- Chromphobes- stem cells
13
Q
What are the 2 cells types of acidophils (chromophils) and what do they secrete?
A
GPA-Growth hormone, Prolactin, Acidophils
- Somatotrophs-somatotropin (Growth Hormone)
- Lactotropes- prolactin
14
Q
What are the 3 cell types of basophils (chromophils) and what do they secrete?
A
B-FLAT: Basophils- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
- Gonadotrophs-FSH, LH
- Thyrotrope- TSH
- Corticotrope- ACTH (and B-lipoprotein)
15
Q
What hormones do the posterior pituitary produce?
A
Does NOT produce its own hormones, but serves as a storage site for hormones produced in the hypothalamus, including ADH and Oxytocin
16
Q
What hormones are produced by the pars intermedia of the anterior pituitary?
A
It is largely inactive in adults and contains colloid-filled follicles and cysts (Rathke’s cysts) of unknown function.
17
Q
What are the dilated axons of the hypothalamic neurons called in the posterior pituitary?
What are the glial cells called?
A
Dilated axons are called Herring bodies.
Glial cells are called pituicytes
18
Q
What are the 3 major layers of the adrenal gland and what is their function?
A
- Cortex - no production
- Adrenal cortex - produces steroid hormones
- Medulla secretes catecholamines
19
Q
What are the 3 concentric zones of the adrenal cortex?
Which zone has a foamy appearance due to lipid droplets?
A
GFR- Salt, Sugar, Sex
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona Fasciculata
- Zona retilaris
Zona fasciculata has foamy appearance due to lipid droplets
20
Q
What are the cellular origins of the adrenal cortex and medulla?
A
Adrenal cortex is of epithelial origin
Adrenal medulla is of neuronal origin
21
Q
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
A
Catecholamines- epi and norepi
22
Q
What hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa?
A
Mineralocorticoids - primarily Aldosterone to regulate SALT balance.
Regulated by angiotensin II
23
Q
What hormone is produced by the zona fasciculata?
What is the physiologic activity?
What is it regulated by?
A
Glucocorticoids- primarily cortisol and DHEA for the regulation of glucose metabolism (SUGAR)
Regulated by ACTH
24
Q
What hormone is produced by the zona reticularis?
A
Cortisol and DHEA tp regulate both glucose and testosterion production (SEX)
Regulated by ACTH
25
Typical protein secreting cells include cells of the pancreas, and anterior pituitary gland, follicular cells of thyroid
Abundant RER and golgi
26
What are the 4 types of cells in the islet of langerhans and what do they produce?
1. Alpha cells- glucagon
2. Beta cells - insulin
3. Delta cells- somatostatin
4. F or PP cells- pancreatic polypeptide
27
What do follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroglobullin (Tg) which is used to produce T3/T4
28
What do parafollicular cells (c cells) of the thyroid gland produce?
calcitonin- which promotes calcification and inhibits bone resorption (opposite of PTH)
Regulated by blood Ca2+ levels
29
What are the 2 cell types of the parathyroid gland and what are their functions?
1. Chief cells (small abundant)- produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2. Oxyphil cells (large cells)- unknown function
30
What does Parthyroid hormone (PTH) do?
polypeptide hormone that increases blood calcium level by regulating osteoclast activity.
Regulated by blood Ca2+ level
31
The main functions of the ovary is to produce ______ and synthesize ______
Produce female gametes, known as oocytes and synthesize female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
32
In general, there are 4 layers that make up the ovary, what are they?
From outside to inside:
1. Germinal eipthelium-simple cuboidal epithelium (source of most ovarian cancers)
2. Tunica Albuginea
3. Cortex
4. Medulla
33
What 4 structures are found within the cortex of the ovary?
1. Stroma- highly cellular CT with some smooth muscle
2. Follicles: oocytes surrounded by follicular epithelium (in fertile ovaries)
3. Endocrine glandular tissue, not always present
4. Collagenous scar
34
What is the function of the ovarian follicle?
House dormant and maturing oocytes
| Synthesize estrogen
35
What defines the boarders of the ovarian follicle and is it vascularized?
Follicular epithelium surrounds the oocyte and the basement membrane of the follicular epithelium defines the outer boundary. Avascular
36
______surrounding each primary oocyte undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transtion, becoming the _________
Stromal cells
| follicular epithelium
37
At which stage of development do Oocytes and primordial follical form?
ONLY during fetal development
38
What is the most numerous type of follicle present in fertile ovaries?
Primordial follicle, which is in a dormant stage that is maintained for decades
39
What are the 5 stages of follicuar development/maturation?
1. Primordial follicle
2. Unilaminar primary follicle
3. Multilaminar primary follicle
4. Secondary/antral/vesicular follicle
5. Mature/graafian, preovulatory follicle
40
Follicle growth culminates in _______, the rupture of the follicle and release of the oocyte
Ovulation
41
At any point in the process of follicle maturation, the follicle can undergo ____, a form of programmed cell death fro the oocyte and follicular epithelium
atresia
42
Follicle activation occurs at the start of each _______
menstral cycle
43
What is responsible for activating a small subset of primordial follicles? What happens to the rest of the follicles that are not activated?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) activates a small subset of primordial follicles and the remaining primordial follicles stay dormant
44
What do activated follicular cells produce and what does that do?
Produces aromatase, which catalyzes the final step in estrogen syntehsis
45
What hormone produced by the ovaries is a mitogen that drives follicular cell mitosis and follicle growth?
Estrogen
46
What is a distinguishing histological change seen between primordial follicle and unilaminar primary follicle?
Larger, and transition from a simple squamous epithelium to cuboidal follicular epithelium
47
What is a distinguishing histological change seen between unilaminar primary follicle and multilaminar primary follicle?
Larger, and stratified cuboidal epithelium, not called granulosa.
The follicular cells are now called granulosa cells
We see a thick layer of glycoprotein surrouned the primary oocyte called zona pellucida
48
what are gap junctions present between granulosa cells? How to filopodia play a role?
Follicles are Avascular; the gap junctions facilitate transport and signaling within the follicle and the granulosa cell filopodia penetrate zona pellucida to contact microvilli on the primary oocyte to create the gap junctions
49
What is a defining characteristic of the secondary/antral follicle?
Presence of an antrum, which is an space where follicular liquid accumulates
50
What happens to granulosa cells during the secondary /antral follicular phase?
Antrum formation pushes some granulosa cells to the periphery, however some still surround the primary oocyte, called the corona radiata, and some anchor the primary oocyte and corona radiata to the wall of the follicle, called cumulus oophorus
51
The layer of granulosa cells that surround the primary oocyte is called?
Corona Radiata
52
The mound of granulosa cells that anchor the primary oocyte and corona radiata to the wall of the follicle is called?
Cumulus oophorus
53
Any big secondary follicle that causes the ovary to have a bulge, is called what?
Graffian follicle, the bulge is called a stigma and is caused by the swollen follicle
54
Name this follicle:
| Central primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous follicular epithelium.
Primordial follicle
55
Name this follicle:
| Central primary oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal follicular epithelium
Unilaminar primary follicle
56
Name this follicle:
| Central primary oocyte surrounded by stratified cuboidal epithelium called the granulosa.
Multilaminar primary follicle
57
Name this follicle:
| Central or acentric primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa, with one or more fluid-filled spaces.
Secondary follicle
58
Name this follicle:
| An extremely large secondary follicle that bulges the ovary surface outward.
Graafian follicle
59
A specialized sheath of stroma surrounding the developing follicle is called what?
What are the two sub-layers?
Theca folliculi
| Sublayers: the theca externa and the theca interna
60
Of the 2 sublayers of the theca folliculi, which is consistent wit the stroma and which is vascularized?
Theca externa blends with stroma
| Theca interna is vascularized
61
During atresia, the follicle collapses and the basement membrane thickens into a temporary scar made primarily of collagen, which is called what?
The corpus fibrosum.
62
After atresia, the theca interna usually reverts to regular stroma, but sometimes, the secretory cells remain as what?
An interstitial gland.
They are most common during puberty
63
Ovulation is rupture of a ______ follicle with release of the oocyte into the peritoneal space.
graafian follicle
64
What hormone stimulates ovulation by triggering changes that weaken the follicle wall and increase follicular liquid production?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
65
What produces a current that draws the oocyte complex into a uterine tube?
Beating of cilia on the fimbriae
66
The luteal phase is defined as the formation of what?
The corpus luteum
67
Temporary endocrine gland that develops from the ovulated graafian follicle is called what?
Corpus Luteum
68
What causes granulosa and theca interna cells to differentiate into steroid hormone-producing luteinized granulosa cells and luteinized theca cells?
LH
69
Corpus luteum histology: Contains 2 cell types, what are they?
Luteinized granulosa cells (LGC): very large cells with foamy-appearing eosinophilic cytoplasm and round euchromatic nuclei.
Luteinized theca cells (LTC): similar, but smaller and darker.
70
Corpus luteum functions to produce what hormones?
Produces estrogen and progesterone.
71
What is the purpose of the progesterone that is produced by corpus luteum ?
Progesterone stimulates the uterine lining to prepare for embryo implantation (among many other things)
72
In absence of pregnancy: after 10–12 days, the corpus lutem undergoes luteolysis (apoptosis) and forms a scar known as:
Corpus albicans (C): a very large eosinophilic scar composed mostly of collagen fibers with scattered fibroblasts, which remains after luteolysis.
73
If pregnancy occurs, ______ produced by the developing placenta sustains the corpus luteum through the beginning of pregnancy.
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
74
The uterine tube wall has three layers:
* Inner mucosa.
* Middle muscularis.
* Outer serosa.
75
What type of epithelium is found in uterine tube and what 2 cell types?
Simple columnar ciliated eipthelium.
Ciliated cells-cilia sweep oocyte/conceptus towards uterus (pale)
Secretory cells- produce secretions to nourish conceptus (darker), also called peg cells
76
1. Which hormone is responsible for initiating menstral cycle by starting follicle development?
2. Which hormone triggers ovulation
1. FSH
| 2. LH
77
What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle for the uterus?
MPS
1. menstrual phase
2. proliferative phase
3. Secretory phase
78
What are the 3 histlogical layers of the uterus?
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium
3. Perimetrium (epimetrium)
79
The covering on the perimetrium, when exposed to the peritoneal cavity it is called ______, when not exposed, it is called______
Serosa where exposed to the peritoneal cavity, adventitia where not exposed
80
What is the thickest layer of the uterine wall?
myometrium, containing bundles of smooth muscle that can produce collagen.
During pregnancy, collagen thickens and strengthens the endometrium wall, reversed after pregnancy
81
Benign smooth muscle tumors occurring in the myometrium is called what?
leiomyoma (fibroid)
82
What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?
1. Upper functional layer (closest to the lumen) containing spiral arteries
2. Lowe basal layer containing straight arteries
83
What is the blood supply to the functional layer and basal layer of the endometrium?
Functional layer-spiral arteries
| Basal layer-straight arteries
84
Which phase in the menstrual cycle follows ovulation?
Secretory phase
Menstral-->proliferative-->secretory phase
85
Which uterine layer contributes to the formatino of the placenta?
Endometrium
86
Which type of artery in the endometrium are sensitive to progesterone?
spiral artery....which means that once progesterone is lost, the arteries constrict and reduce blood flow to the functional layer and contributing to sloughing...basal layer arteries are not affected and you will not lose the basal layer
87
Regeneration of the functional layer occurs because ______promotes proliferation of ______ and ______
Estrogen
Stroma fibroblasts
gland secretory cells
88
Following sloughing, the rebuilding of the endometrium occurs during which phase of the menstrual phase?
Proliferative phase
89
Uterine glands are dilated and highly coiled, with secretory product in their lumens are characteristics of which phase in the menstrual cycle?
Uterine cycle: MPS
| secretory phase endometrium
90
Name the functional state of the endometrium (stage of menstrual cycle):
Surface epithelium is absent. Tubular glands can be of various morphologies.
Uterine cycle: MPS
| Late menstrual phase endometrium
91
Name the functional state of the endometrium (stage of menstrual cycle):
Long straight glands with narrow lumens. Simple columnar epithelium covers the surface. Mitotic profiles are apparent at high magnification.
Uterine cycle: MPS
| Proliferative phase endometrium
92
Name the functional state of the endometrium (stage of menstrual cycle):
Long coiled tubular glands with dilated lumens. Simple columnar epithelium covers the surface. Secretory product is often apparent in the lumen at high magnification.
Uterine cycle: MPS
| Secretory phase endometrium
93
____ from the anterior pituitary triggers some ovarian follicles to produce _____, which promotes further follicle growth and the uterine proliferative phase. Usually, one follicle becomes a graafian follicle.
FSH
| estrogen
94
_____ triggers ovulation of the graafian follicle, and the formation of the _______ from the follicle walls.
LH
| Corpus luteum
95
_______ produced by the corpus luteum promotes the uterine secretory phase.
Progesterone
96
In the absence of further hormonal stimulation, the _______ undergoes luteolysis occurs after 10–12 days, marking the end of one menstrual cycle and the start of a new one.
______ loss triggers the uterine menstrual phase.
Corpus luteum
| Progesterone
97
During the early stages of pregnancy, the conceptus arrives in the uterus as a blastocyst, composed of an outer cell layer, called _______ that surrounds an inner cell mass called, _______.
trophoblast
embryoblast
Initially, uterine gland secretions nourish the blastocyst.
98
During early pregnancy:
| The _________ degrades the walls of the vascular lacunae, gaining the embryo access to the maternal blood supply.
trophoblast
99
During early pregnancy:
| The trophoblast releases human _________, to preserve the corpus luteum and prevent onset of the menstrual phase.
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
100
A pathological colonization of endometrial stroma and/or gland cells outside the uterus that occurs when endometrial tissue sloughed during menses moves retrograde through the uterine tubes into the peritoneal cavity.
Endometriosis
Chocolate cyst is a particular case where endometrial tissue infiltrates the ovary surface, trapping blood beneath the tunica albuginea
101
1. The endometrium in a modified state during pregnancy is called what?
2. The outermost etra-embryonic layer surrounding the fetus is called what?
1. Decidua
| 2. Chorion
102
The interface between maternal and fetal blood is called________, the maternal component is called ________, and the fetal component is called ________
Placenta
decidua basalis
chorionic plate and chorionic villi
103
What type of mucosa contains stroma, simple columnar epithelium, long non-coiled WIDE lumen branched tubular glands?
Cervical mucosa
104
The transformation zone is the transition from _______ to _______.
Clinical significance?
simple columnar epithelium of cervix to the the stratified squamous epithelium of vagina
Cervical carcinomas from frequently arise from the stratified squamous epithelium at the transformation zone.
This is where a PAP test scrapes cells from (transition zone)
105
Name this mucosa: Long non-coiled tubular glands that branch fairly frequently and have dilated lumens. Simple columnar epithelium covers the surface. Mucus-based secretory product is often apparent in the lumen.
Cervical mucosa
106
What is the name given to a breast lobule plus its associated interlobular duct?
Clinical significance?
Terminal Duct Lobular Unit (TDLU).
Most breast cancers arise from cells of the TDLU
107
Lactiferous duct, Lactiferous sinus, Interlobular duct, intralobular duct, lobule
Name in order of size
```
Smallest
Intralobular duct
Interlobular duct
Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
```
