What range of BMI corresponds to: 1. Underweight 2. Healthy/normal 3. Overweight (grade 1) 4. Overweight/obese (grade 2) 5. Oveweight/morbidly obese (grade 3)

1. <18.5 2. 18.5-24.9 3. 25-29.9 4. 30-39.9 5. 40+

Chen-Nutrition, Aging Flashcards by Kyle Plante

T/F: Efforts to improve the nations health by reducing overall fat consumption has generally succeeded

False

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The calculation for how much energy intake we need to maintain a given body mass is called what?

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

For weight to remain stable, energy intake must match energy output

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How is Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) calculated?

Adult Male: 900 + 10w
Adult Female: 700 + 7w
w= weight in kg

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What are the coefficients for adjusted energy expenditure for sedentary, moderately active, and very active?

sedentary = 1.2
moderately active = 1.4
very active = 1.8

Multiply by REE

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How do you calculate BMI?

BMI=kg/m^2

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What range of BMI corresponds to:

Underweight
Healthy/normal
Overweight (grade 1)
Overweight/obese (grade 2)
Oveweight/morbidly obese (grade 3)

<18.5
18.5-24.9
25-29.9
30-39.9
40+

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What are the main limitations for using BMI as a measure of obesity?

Failure to distinguish lean mass from fat

Failure to distinguish upper-body (truncal) fat from lower body fat

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All-cause mortality is minimal at what BMI range?

20.0-25.0 kg/m^2

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Weight loss calculations:
1 g protein = \_\_\_\_ Cal
1 g carb = \_\_\_\_ Cal
1 g fat = \_\_\_\_Cal
1 g alcohol = \_\_\_Cal

1 g protein = 4 Cal
1 g carb = 4 Cal
1 g fat = 9 Cal
1 g alcohol = 7 Cal

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Adipose tissue is __% fat, and ___% water

Therefore, 1 kg of adipose tissue = ___g fat

Adipose tissue is 85% fat, and 15% water

Therefore, 1 kg of adipose tissue = 850g fat

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How many Cal/kcal are required to lose 1 kg of adipose tissue?

1 kg adipose = 850g fat

850g fat x 9 Cal/g = 7650 Cal

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What are the 5 subcategories of fat?

Which are atherogenic and which are anti-atherogenic?

saturated fat (atherogenic)
trans-unsaturated fat (atherogenic)
monounsaturated fat
polyunsaturated fat (anti-atherogenic)
w-3 fat (omega-3) (anti-atherogenic)

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Whats better, low glycemic or high glycemic index?

The glycemic index is the a measure of the extent to which blood glucose rises after ingestion
The higher the glycemic index, the higher the insulin spike after eating

Low GI food= whole grains, veggies, & fruit, seeds, beans

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Why should we reduce fructose consumption?

To reduce non-alcohol fatty liver disease.

Fructose is metabolized in the liver, is lipogenic and predisposes to liver steatosis (Fatty liver), which can lead to insulin resistince (type2 diabetes)

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What are the 2 most important considerations for a healthy diet for carbs?

Low glycemic index

2. Low fructose to reuce fatty liver and insulin resistance

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What are the 2 most important considerations for a healthy diet for fats?

Less saturated and trans fats

2. More polyunsaturated and omega-3 fats

Coronary heart disease is associated with the consumption of what kind of fats?

Saturated fatty acids and trans unsaturated fat are atherogenic and are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease.

monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are believed to reduce the risk to coronary heart disease. Omega-3 fatty acids belong polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Carmelo Anthony is 2.0 m tall and weighs 104 kg. What is Carmelo’s BMI?

BMI = kg/ m^2

BMI= 104 kg/ 4.0 = 26

Carmelo Anthony is 2.0 m tall and weighs 104 kg. In what body mass category does his BMI place Carmelo, according to the WHO scheme? Is this a good measure?

WHO: ‘grade 1 overweight’; Heavily muscled persons can have BMI values that put them in the ‘overweight’ or even in the ‘obese’ category, even though they have relatively low body fat. Other measures of obesity can and should be used instead.

mTORC1 activity is inhibited by ___________________.

Reduced mTOR signaling promotes cell survival
The following factors reduce mTOR signaling:
reduced insulin/IGF-1 signaling, low energy state, cellular stresses (e.g., hypoxia), reduced amino acid availability

What effect does Rampamycin have on mTOR activity?

Rampamycin inhibits mTOR activity and therefore promotes cell survival

Increased FOXO activity has what effect on cell survival?

Increased FOXO (TF) activity promotes longevity in animal models

To extend lifespan, do you want to increase or decrease IGF-1/Insulin signaling?

Reduced IGF-1/Insulin signaling extends lifespan

Mice with knockout of growth hormone receptor live longer or shorter?

Longer

Summarize the hypothesis for reduced GH/IIS signaling

Reducing signaling in the growth hormone/IIS axis, the metabolism of the organism shifts from growth and food intake to cellular maintenance and repair, which reduces the accumulation of cellular damage and extends lifespan

What are the components of the mechanism for lifespan extension by caloric restriction?

1. Activate FOXO transcription factor. 2. Reduce mTOR signaling 3. Activate AMPK 4. Increased autophagy

How does caloric restriction activate AMPK?

caloric restriction (CR) reduces glucose levels and increases the AMP/ATP ratio, which activates AMPK

How does metformin work?

Activates AMPK which helps

What are the 5 major molecular theories of aging?

1. Free radical 2. Mitochondrial dysfunction 3. Telomere shortening 4. Genome instability 5. Protein homeostasis

``` Obese people have reduced release of __________________ from the adipose tissue. A. leptin B. adiponectin C. nonesterified fatty acids D. TNF-alpha ```

adiponectin production is reduced with obesity all other choices are increased

There are 2 major theories for insulin resistance Lipotoxic theory low-grade inflammation theory

Lipotoxic theory: excessive adiposity releases non-esterified fatty acids NEFA in circulation...this generates toxic lipid intermediates that lead to insulin insensitivity. Low-grade inflammation theory: macrophages in adipose secrete inflammatory cytokines that interfere with insulin signaling

How do you diagnose insulin resistance IR?

Glucose tolerance test (GTT) to measure the rate of glucose clearance at a defined insulin (administered) level. Failure of blood glucose levels to decline normally in response to administered insulin

What role does DAG have in insulin sensitivity? What can reduce DAG levels?

DAG inhibits insulin signaling DAG accumulates in tissues when the rate of fatty acid deliver to the tissues exceeds the rates of intracellular fat oxidation and or conversion to neutral lipid AMPK activates CPT1 and B-oxidation, and reduce DAG levels (increaes insulin sensitivity)

What drug can reduce DAG and increase insulin sensitivity?

Metformin can activate AMPK and B-oxidation, which reduces DAG and increases insulin sensitivity

What does PPAR-a do with respect for lipid metabolism? | PPAR-y

PPAR-a: Promotes B-oxidation (thereby reducing NEFA) and are used to treat metabolic syndrome and lowers LDL and triglycerides PPAR-y: increases storage of NEFA in fat tissues

What is fat browning?

increases energy uncoupling by browning white fat cells Brown fat has more UCP1, which mediates energy dissipation Increase brown fat by: cold exposure, exercise, or find drugs to increase UCP1 expression

What role does leptin play in obesity?

Leptin is the "satiety hormone" Ghrelin is the hunger hormone leptin is made by the adipose cells that help regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Obese people have decrease sensitivity to leptin, resulting in the inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores