Kane- Vitamins, Minerals; Minerals&metabolism CC Flashcards
Widespread supplementation of this vitamin, particularly in women of childbearing age is credited with an up to 70% decrease in neural tube defects
Folate (B9)
Low serum levels of this vitamin have recently been associated with cancer, particularly colorectal and breast cancer
Vitamin D
This vitamin was recently shown to prevent glaucoma in aging mice
Niacin (B3)
What are the lipid soluble vitamins?
A, D, K, E
Which class of vitamins are stored more efficiently? Which class is more likely to be deficient? Which class is more likely to be toxic?
Lipid soluble are stored more efficiently
Because of storage, lipid soluble are less likely to be deficient than water soluble vitamins
Lipid soluble are more likely to be toxic
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B vitamins and Vit. C
Which vitamin functions in the visual cycle (rhodopsin and cone opsin) and deficiencies cause night blindness or xerophthalmia?
What are susceptible groups?
Vitamin A
Susceptible groups: Poor
A deficiency in what vitamin causes extreme dryness and thickening of conjunctiva and progress to corneal ulceration, perforation, and finally destruction of the eye?
Vitamin A
Bitot’s spots are a sign of long term _______ deficiency
Vitamin A
Which vitamin functions in maintaining bone and calcium homeostasis?
Vitamin D
A deficiency in which vitamin causes rickets in children?
Vitamin D
Also Calcium deficiency
A deficiency in which vitamin causes osteomalacia in adults?
Vitamin D
Which vitamin functions in the localization of enzymes required for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
A deficiency in what vitamin results in easy bruising, bleeding, and hemorrhage?
What are susceptible groups?
Vitamin K
Susceptible groups include newborn infants and patients on long-term antibiotics
A shot of this vitamin is now given at birth to newborns because they lack intestinal bacteria that make it
Vitamin K
Patients with poor absorption of fats may be prone to insufficiency in what vitamin?
Vitamin K
This vitamin functions as an antioxidant to scavenge free radicals?
Vitamin E
A deficiency in this vitamin causes cardiovascular disease and neurological symptoms?
Vitamin E
What vitamin is located in ALL cell and organelle membranes?
Vitamin E
This vitamin functions as a cofactor for oxidases involved in collagen formation?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
This vitamin has antioxidant activity, aids in absorption of iron, and required for synthesis of certain stress hormones
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
A severe deficiency in which vitamin causes scurvy?
Vitamin C
Scurvy is characterized as decreased wound healing, osteoporosis, hemorrhage and anemia, fatigue
Corkscrew hairs and pinpoint hemorrhages are characteristic of _______ caused by a deficiency in Vitamin _____
Scurvy, deficiency in Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Also causes severe periodontal disease
What are the 2 categories of B-complex vitamins, and what B vitamins are in each?
Energy releasing: B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7
Hematopoietic: B9, B12
What are the other names for B9 and B10?
B9: Folate
B10: Cobalamin
What are the names for the following B vitamins: B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7
B1: Thiamine B2: Riboflavin B3: Niacin B5: Pantothenic acid B6: Pyridoxine B7: Biotin
Which vitamin is a required cofactor for several enzymes in cellular energy metabolism (TPP)?
Thiamine (B1)
A moderate deficiency in what vitamin causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics)
Thiamine (B1)
A severe deficiency in what vitamin causes Beriberi
Thiamine (B1)
People with diet dependent only on polished rice, sometimes alcoholics
This condition results from a ________deficiency and is most commonly seen in chronic alcoholics and is characterized by mental disturbance, unsteady gate, and uncoordinated eye movements.
Looks a lot like alcohol intoxication!
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Thaimine (B1)
This vitamin functions as precursor of FAD and FMN, key coenzymes for redox reactions involved in energy metabolism
Riboflavin (B2)
A deficiency in this vitamin causes Ariboflavinosis - rash around nose, inflammation of mouth and tongue, burning and itchy eyes, light sensitivity
Riboflavin B2
This vitamin functions has a precursor of NAD and NADP coenzymes important in redox reactions of energy metabolism
Niacin B3
A deficiency in this vitamin causes Pellagra (dermatits, diarrhea, and dementia
People at risk include those with corn or millet based diets
Niacin B3
This vitamin is given to patients with hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia
Niacin B3
____ and _____ vitamins produce NAD and FAD, respectively; which are important coenzymes for catabolism of other nutrients,
Niacin (B3) produces NAD
Riboflavin (B2) produces FAD
A patient presents with rough inflamed skin worsened by exposure to sunlight, dermatitis and diarrhea. Can be fatal if not recognized and treated with supplementation of the vitamin causing the deficiency
Niacin deficiency causing Pellagra
This vitamin functions as a coenzyme for several carboxylases, is rare, but can be causes by eating a lot of raw eggs
Biotin (B7)
This vitamin function is required for the synthesis of CoA
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
What is the other name for vitamin B5?
Pantothenic Acid
This vitamin is a precursor of pyridoxyl phosphate (PLP) and required for glycogen breakdown and synthesis of GABA and heme
Pyridoxine (B6)
What is the other name for vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
If someone only has a corn-based diet….what condition do you think of?
Pellagra, vit B3/Niacin deficiency
What vitamin functions as a precursor of tetrahydrofolate THF, coenzyme involved in generating precursors for DNA and protein synthesis
Folate/Vitamin B9
supplementation of what vitamin can prevent neural tube defects?
Vitamin B9/Folate
What vitamin functions as a coenzyme in methionine synthesis and in conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA?
Cobalamin (B12)
Which vitamin is also needed in folate metabolism?
Cobalamin B12
A deficiency in what vitamin leads to pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia) with demyelination?
B12-Cobalamin
Cobalamin contains cobalt
A lack of intrinsic factor is a source of vitamin________ deficiency
B12-Cobalamin
What two deficiencies can result in megaloblastic anemias?
What defiiency results in microcytic anemia?
Folate/B9 and Cobalamin/B12 can result in megaloblastic anemia
Iron deficiency can result in microcytic anemia
What mineral has functions as a major component of bone, in coagulation, in signaling and neurotransmission, and in muscle contraction
Calcium
A mild deficiency in what mineral causes muscle cramps and osteoporosis?
A severe deficiency in this same mineral causes rickets?
Calcium
Also vitamin D deficiency
A deficiency in this mineral has similar features as a deficiency in vitamin D
Calcium
Low serum _______ signals enhanced intestinal absorption and stimulates bone reabsorption
Calcium
High levels of intake for this mineral are required to maintain bone mass in postmenopausal women
Calcium
A deficiency in this mineral causes weakness, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmias….it is required for bone formation and symptoms relate to its function as a requirement for many transporters.
Magnesium
Certain transporters often fail to recognize ATP or ADP when this mineral is not present in the complex
Magnesium
This mineral is a major component of bone and constituent of nucleic acids and membrane lipids.
Having too much or too little of this mineral is most likely due to kidney problems, rather than nutritional problems.
Phosphorous
Deficiencies in this mineral causes microcytic anemia and is common in children and menstruating/pregnant women
Iron
The most common cause of death due to toxicity in children under 6, coming from the consumption of adult supplements in what mineral?
Iron
This mineral assists in iron absorption through ceruloplasmin
copper
Deficiencies in this mineral are quite rare, but symptoms include anemia.
Why anemia?
Copper.
Iron and copper metabolism are linked both in the body as a whole and at the cellular level, which is why anemia can result from copper deficiency
Menkes disease die by age 3- symptoms include failure to thrive, muscle weakness and nervous system issues….what mineral is deficient?
Copper
Menkes Disease copes from a genetic mutation in Cu transporter ATP7A
Wilson Disease comes from mutations in ATP7B, and as what effect on which mineral?
Copper overload.
Deficiencies in what mineral cause poor wound healing, dermatitis, reduced taste acuity, poor growth, and impaired sexual development in children
Zinc
Dermatitis is the earliest symptom of zinc deficiency
This mineral facilitates insulin binding to its receptor and deficiencies result in impaired glucose tolerance
Chromium
This mineral is incorporated into T3/T4 to help regulate basal metabolic rate
Iodine
A deficiency in what mineral causes Goiters (enlarged thyroid gland)
Iodine
Alcoholics are susceptible to multiple deficiencies but especially what 3?
Folate, Vit B6, Thiamine
What is high/low to diagnose iron deficiency (microcytic anemia)
Transferrin
Serum Fe
Ferritin
Transferrin is normal (Fe carrying capacity is fine)
Serum Fe is low
Ferritin is low (iron stores)
Why is RDA of iron so high?
Why is breastmilk iron better?
Because bioavailability of Fe in most food sources is much lower. Breast milk contains higher bioavailability
Does taking more calcium mean that you will continually increase bone mass?
Not necessarity…multiple factors:
Ca2+ intake above which the bones cannot accept additional mineral…Ca2+ threshold that is influenced by GI Ca2+ absorption and by the rates of bone formation and reabsorption OPB/RANK-L ratio
RDA of Ca2+ is highest for age 9-17
What are some regulatory factors for bone formation/reabsorption?
Genetics
Physical activity
Age/Development
Hormones (Estrogen..decreases bone reabsorption; PTH, Vit D)
Reduced Vit D activity/levels has what effect on calcium absorption in the GI tract?
What effect on PTH levels?
What effect on PO4?
Decreases Ca2+ absorption leading to transient decreases in extracellular Ca2+ concentration…when Ca2+ is low, then PTH expression/secretion will increase, which will increase urinary excretion of PO4
