M6 Flashcards
1
Q
Are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best use of medications
A
PHARMACISTS
2
Q
PHARMACISTS
Promise to help individuals achieve ____ from their medications, to be committed to their welfare and to maintain their trust
A
OPTIMUM BENEFIT
3
Q
PHARMACISTS
Promote the right of ____ and recognize individual self-worth by encouraging patients to participate in decisions about their health
A
SELF-DETERMINATION
4
Q
PHARMACISTS
Communicate with patients in terms that are ____
A
UNDERSTANDABLE
5
Q
PHARMACISTS
In all cases, respect ____ and ____ differences among patients
A
PERSONAL & CULTURAL
6
Q
PHARMACISTS
Shall personally ____ of matters which will enhance or optimize drug therapy with each patient
A
INITIATE DISCUSSION
7
Q
New Responsibility of Pharmacists…
Changes in ____ and ____ made the provision of information and responsibility
A
STANDARDS & LEGISLATION
8
Q
New Responsibility of Pharmacists…
The ____ developed by APhA describes pharmacist’s activities that involved patient interaction
A
PHARMACIST PRACTICE ACTIVITY CLASSIFICATION
9
Q
The Pharmacist Practice Activity Classification [PPAC] is developed by
A
APhA
10
Q
New Tasks for Pharmacists
____ the patient
A
INTERVIEWING
EDUCATING
11
Q
New Tasks for Pharmacists
Obtaining ____
A
patient information
12
Q
New Tasks for Pharmacists
Providing ____ and ____ communication
A
verbal & written
13
Q
New Tasks for Pharmacists
Discussing
Demonstrating
A
thnx
14
Q
New Tasks for Pharmacists
____ patient contact
A
face-to-face
15
Q
New Tasks for Pharmacists
most important
A
patient counseling
16
Q
A key competency element of the pharmaceutical care process which involves provision of appropriate, understandable and relevant information to patients about their medications through oral or written form
A
PATIENT COUNSELING
17
Q
Providing medical information verbally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, advice on side effects, precautions, storage, diet and lifestyle modifications
A
PATIENT COUNSELING
18
Q
It is a two-way communication process whereby drug and health-related information is provided by a pharmacist to the patient during…
* the dispensing of (initial or refill) medications in a drugstore or outpatient pharmacy setting
* discharge of a patient from the hospital
* the review of medications of a patient
A
PATIENT COUNSELING
19
Q
Functions of Patient Counseling
____ patient care
A
IMPROVE
20
Q
Functions of Patient Counseling
Provide ____
A
professional pharmacy services
21
Q
Patient Counseling to Improve Patient Care
____ of their illness and the role of medication in its treatment
A
better patient understanding
22
Q
Patient Counseling to Improve Patient Care
Improved ____
A
medication adherence
23
Q
Patient Counseling to Improve Patient Care
____ drug treatment
A
more effective
24
Q
Patient Counseling to Improve Patient Care
____ incidence of adverse effects and unnecessary healthcare costs
A
reduced
25
# **Patient Counseling to Improve Patient Care**
Better ____ to **deal** with medication related **adverse effects**
coping strategies
26
# **Patient Counseling to Improve Patient Care**
Improved ____ for the patient
quality of life
27
# **Patient Counseling to Improve Patient Care**
Improved ____ between the patient and pharmacist
professional rapport
28
# **Providing Professional Pharmacy Services through Patient Counseling**
Provides ____ with pharmacy **legislations**, **standards** and **regulations**
compliance
29
# **Providing Professional Pharmacy Services through Patient Counseling**
Affords ____, since pharmacists may be held **accountable** for injury resulting from **insufficient information** provided to the patient
legal protection
30
# **Providing Professional Pharmacy Services through Patient Counseling**
Maintains ____ as part of primary care and health care team
professional status
31
# **Providing Professional Pharmacy Services through Patient Counseling**
Increases ____ and **reduces stress**
job satisfaction
32
# **Providing Professional Pharmacy Services through Patient Counseling**
Is an ____ to meet **patient demand** and aid in **market competition**
added service
33
# **Providing Professional Pharmacy Services through Patient Counseling**
Increases ____ through **payment** of counseling services and **reduces loss** resulting from unfilled or unrefilled prescriptions
revenue
34
# **WHO and WHEN to counsel...**
The **amount** and **type of information** provided to the patient will **vary** based on the ____ and ____
patient's need and practice setting
35
Patients Who Should **ALWAYS** Be Counseled...
new patients
children & parents
px w drugs that has special storage reqs & complicated directions
36
COUNSELING AREA
private semi-private (away from other people & ditractions)
confidential, secure, conducive to learning
focus discussion, minimize interruptions
37
Counseling uses ____ and ____ **communication skills**
verbal and nonverbal
38
38
**Verbal** Communication Skills
language
tone
volume
speed
39
**Non-Verbal** Communication Skills
proximity
facial expression
40
STAGES OF PATIENT COUNSELING
1. introduction
2. process content
3. conclusion
41
# **STAGES OF PATIENT COUNSELING**
* **Review** the patient’s **record**
* **Introduce** yourself
* Explain **purpose** of counseling
* Obtain drug related information such as **allergies**, use of **herbals** etc.
* Assess the patient’s understanding of the **reasons** for therapy
* Assess any **actual/potential concerns** or problems of importance to the patient
introduction
42
# **STAGES OF PATIENT COUNSELING**
* Use **language** that the **patient understands**
* Use appropriate **counseling aid**
* Present **facts** and **concepts** in **simple words** and in **logical order**
* Use **open-ended** questions
process content
43
# **STAGES OF PATIENT COUNSELING**
* **Verify** the patient’s **understanding** by means of **feedback**
* **Summarize** by emphasizing key points
* Give an opportunity to the patient to **put forward any concerns**
* Help the patient to plan **follow up**
conclusion
44
considered to be the **heart** of the **counseling session**
counseling content
45
It is during this step that the pharmacist explains to the patient **about his or her medications and treatment regimen** and other related matters.
counseling content
46
# **STAGES OF PATIENT COUNSELING**
* **Name** and **strength** of medication
* **Reason** why it has been prescribed or how it works
* **How to take** the medication
* Expected **duration** of treatment
* Expected **benefits** of treatment
* Possible **adverse effects**
* Possible medication or **dietary interaction**
* Advice on **correct storage**
* Minimum time duration showing **therapeutic benefit**
* What to do if a **dose is missed**
* Special **monitoring** requirements, e.g. blood tests
* Arrangements for obtaining **further supplies**
counseling content
47
Document **PEC** in ____
patient's permamnent medical records
48
The pharmacist should record:
counseling was offered & accepted
pharmacists’ perceived level of the patient’s understanding
49
# **EDUCATIONAL METHODS**
* **Traditional** style of presenting information
* Limited to **large** groups
* Often **boring** and **retention** of listeners is **fairly low**
* Incorporate other educational techniques such as **audiovisual aids**
* **Public speaking** is one of the best ways to gain public trust for the profession and to serve patients
lectures
50
# **EDUCATIONAL METHODS**
* **One-on-one** dialogue with the patient through patient counseling is the **essence of the pharmacist’s regular duties**
* The discussion maybe guided by the pharmacist, but should **allow for as much participation as possible by the patient**
* **More time consuming** but is **more effective** in improving the patient’s understanding of medication use and in altering patient’s attitudes
dialogue & discussion
51
51
# **EDUCATIONAL METHODS**
* Gives **brief knowledge** about the medication
* Understanding of information depends on **patient’s level of comprehension**
* **Not effective if not combined** with discussion and lecture
printed information
52
# **EDUCATIONAL METHODS**
* Involves the use of **sound** and **slide shows**, **audiotapes**, **videotapes**, **comic books**
* Used with **one** patient or with **small** groups
* **More effective when combined with discussion**
* A viewing area can be set up in the pharmacy, in the waiting area or preferably in an area with some privacy
* **Expensive** but can be used repeatedly
* **Effective** in improving patient knowledge and skills as well as patient satisfaction
* AV materials should be **reviewed** and **evaluated** by the pharmacist to determine appropriateness of the material
audiovisual materials
53
# **EDUCATIONAL METHODS**
* A **superior** and **effective method** useful when a medication requires a **particular technique of administration**
* Done by **demonstration** by the pharmacist or by videotape
* Allow patients to **practice the technique** to develop requisite skill
* **Clarifies** procedures
* By observing the patient practicing, the pharmacist can **detect possible errors** and subsequently correct them
demonstration & practice techniques
54
# **EDUCATIONAL METHODS**
* With the **increased availability** and **ease of development** of software, computer-assisted programs became available to assists pharmacist in providing general information as well as
* information about health and medication topics
* A type of educational method that is **useful for pharmacists in assessing patient’s educational needs**
* An example is a trial of a computer-assisted lesson on general drug knowledge in a quiz format
computer-assisted patient education
55
# **EDUCATIONAL METHODS**
* Recording of symptoms in a **diary**
* **Listing** of questions to ask the physician
* Talking to patient **support groups**
* **Written** or **verbal contract** between the patient and the pharmacist
miscellaneous methods
56
* Are use to **assist** the patient.
* May **reduce noncompliance** by **simplifying multiple drug regimen**
* Helps in **overcoming difficulties** resulting from **cognitive** or **physical impairments**
counseling aids
57
58
it consist of a **calendar** on which **each day is divided into sections** according to the **number of doses to be taken.**
reminder card
59
* For patients with **reading difficulties**, use a **medication-instruction clock**
* For patients with **impaired vision**, provide **labels** with **large print**, **symbols** and **Braille**
* For patients who find it **difficult to interpret instructions** or to **coordinate dosing of several medications**, use a **medication chart**
assisted labeling
60
* Assist patients in **remembering to take their medications**
* These containers are filled by the **pharmacist**, the **patient**, a **family membe**r or anyone else involved in the patient’s care
pill-reminder containers
61
DISADVANTAGE of pill-reminder
provide only 1 compartment per dosing time
do not include spaces for written instructions
no child-proofing mechanism
62
* **Various packing methods** can be used that assist patients by providing one dose of medication at a time
* **Medication compliance was found to be significantly better** among group of elderly patients provided with
unit-of-use packing
63
provided **31 large blister on each card**. **One card** was provided for **each dosing time**
calendar blister-pack system
64
DISADVANTAGE of unit-of-use packaging
- inability to add or deleter once set up
- minimal flexibility
- lack of portability
- higher costs of labor
- difficult to open, lack child resistance
65
* **Direction** of tablets or liquid measurements may be **more accurately followed** with the help of ____
* help patient to **accurately measure** their medications
dosing aids
66
# **DOSING AIDS**
* Devices that **accurately divide** tablets of all sizes and shapes
* Patients should be advised, however, that these devices **cannot be used for**
1. sustained-release or
2. long-acting medications or
3. tablets with enteric or protective coating
PILL CRUSHERS
67
# **DOSING AIDS**
* Available for administration of **liqiud medication**
* This assist in **accurate dosing** since **household teaspoons** can range in volume measure from **4 to 7 ml**.
calibrated spoons or various liquid dispenser
68
# **DOSING AIDS**
* Help **direct inhaled medication into the mouth**.
* These assist patients in using **inhaled medication** whom often fail to get complete doses because they find it **difficult to press the inhaler** and **inhale simultaneously.**
AERO-CHAMBER & MASK
69
**Computerized systems** that link to patient records and telephone patients
* **Calculates drug usage**
* Determines **refill dates**
* Initiates a** telephone call** using the actual voice of the pharmacist
* Reminds the patient that the **drug needs to be refilled**
* Allows additional comments by the pharmacist and accepts the patient’s response
MEDICATION REFILL REMINDER SYSTEM & TELEPHONE FOLLOW UP
70
* A **record of information** about a patient’s drug therapy
* A **current list of all medications** for an individual, any **allergies** the individual has, and any information relevant to an individual’s ability to safely take medications
patient medication profile
71
Components **Patient Medication Profile**
- patient infromation (name, age, weight, height, gender)
- allergies (drug, environment, food, medical information, chief complaint, medical history, family history)
- social history (use of tobacco & alcohol)
- medication list (date, name of drug, dosage, frequency, route, indication, response, remarks)
