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Biology 🐄🍏🐛🤰🏻🧬 > M6 > Flashcards

M6 Flashcards

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1
Q

m6, biotech, #8
how is yoghurt/cheese production (past biotech) carried out?

A
  • Heat milk to kill undesirable bacteria + denature whey proteins
  • Mixture cooled + cultures of bacteria added
  • Bacteria cultures convert lactose → lactic acid = raise acidity of mixture
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2
Q

m6, biotech, #8
how does CRISPR in ag work?

A

Researchers create a small piece of RNA with a ‘guide’ sequence that binds to a target DNA sequence. The RNA also binds to the Cas 9 enzyme.

The RNA recognises the DNA sequence, and the Cas 9 enzyme cuts the DNA at this target location.

Once the DNA is cut, researchers use the cell’s own DNA repair machinery to add or remove pieces of genetic material, or alter the DNA by replacing the existing segment with a custom DNA sequence.

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3
Q

m6, biotech, #8

what are the negative social/ethical implications of CRISPR for ag?

A
  • Are the genetically edited plants/crops safe to eat?
  • Will biotechnology benefit some farmers so much that they are able to produce much higher quantities of foods and thus further monopolise the market?
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4
Q

m6, biotech, #8

why Cas-9/CRISPR has been of such significant impact within the DNA editing sphere?

A
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5
Q

m6, biotech, #10

what are the pos soc/ethcl implications of CRISPR in ag?

A
  • Crops which have disease causing genes can be corrected
  • Crops’ genes can be modified to create crops that require less water, produce more yields, are pesticide resistant, more nutritious, etc.
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6
Q

m6, biotech, #11

what is the impact of CRISPR in ag on biodiversity?

A

Positive impacts

  • May increase biodiversity as it can ‘edit out’ potential lethal diseases which may wipe out populations

Negative impacts

  • May outcompete respective wild variants
  • May reduce genetic variation because the process targets and chooses specific, desired genes which are inheritable by future generations
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7
Q

m6, biotech, #8
what is the process of producing lab-grown meat? (4)

A
  1. Collecting tissue (stem cells) from living animals
  2. Plant-based serum added as growth medium + essential nutrients added
  3. Amplifying these cells in a bioreactor (i.e. more in number) to grow them into muscle fibres
  4. Fibres are processed + mixed with other ingredients to create minced meat
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8
Q

m6, biotech, #16

medical biotech - haemophilia

what is the process of creating “clotting milk”?

A
  1. Many copies of a gene (F8 gene) that specifies for a protein (coagulation factor VIII) that can help clot blood are produced via PCR
  2. These copies are placed into DNA vectors (plasmid) which are absorbed and replicated using bacteria (transgenic species)
  3. Resulting modified plasmids inserted into a sheep such that it produces milk whereby the blood clotting factor can be extracted
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9
Q

m6, mutat, #5

mutations in non-coding sections of DNA:

(a) can affect both introns and exons
(b) can affect transcription of coding sections of DNA
(c) have no effect on the phenotype of individuals
(d) are more common in prokaryotes than eukaryotes

A

(b) can affect transcription of coding sections of DNA

IT CAN’T BE (A) BECAUSE EXONS ARE LITERARLLY CODING DNA

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10
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what role does the enzyme DNA polymerase play in a specific eg of a genetic tech? (dot pts)

A

PCR

DNA to be copied heated + sep -> DNA polym (along with primers and nucleotides) added to make 2 copies of original strand

process repeated, amount of DNA doubles with each cycle

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11
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what role does the enzyme restriction endonuclease play in a specific eg of a genetic tech?

A

aka restriction enzymes

used in process of producing recom dna

  • cut sequences of dna at specific recog pts
  • rEndo cuts the dna -> leaves single-stranded DNA “overhangs” which are said to produce sticky ends
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12
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what role does the enzyme DNA ligase play in a specific eg of a genetic tech?

A

used in process of creating recom dna

  • after a gene has been inserted into the target DNA by complementary base pairing, DNA ligase forms covalent/phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides to create the DNA backbone
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13
Q

m6, genetic tech, #16

how to describe CRISPR and how effective it is?

A

CRISPR-Cas9 is an enzyme system that can cut and splice DNA at precise locations

  • allows DNA to be spliced into the genome with pinpoint accuracy
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14
Q

m6, genetic tech, #16

what are the potential uses of CRISPR in medicine?

A
  • healthy genes carried by recom dna vectors have been produced using CRISPR - these can be spliced into a patient’s genome

-> corrects heritable diseases, eg Huntington’s disease, corrects disorders caused by som mutations, eg Parkinson’s disease

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15
Q

m6, biotech, #8

what is another eg of past biotechnology not including selective breeding corn and yoghurt production?

A

use of yeast in 🍞 making bread

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16
Q

m6, mutat, #2

what is a man-made EM mutat eg?
how does it cause mutat?

A

medical x-rays

creates free radicals which breaks dna strands

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17
Q

m6, mutat, #2

what are 2 egs of naturally occurring mutagens?

A
  • HPV integrates into host dna, disrupting human tumour suppressor protein p53, causing tumours to form -> cervical, vaginal, penile cancer
  • Hepatitis B virus modifies dna directly, causing mispairing -> liver infection, cirrhosis
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18
Q

m6, mutat, #2

What are DNA reactive chemicals? (chemical mutagens)

A

Chemicals that react with DNA which forms cross-links or breaks DNA strands

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19
Q

m6, mutat, #2
what is the process of something undergoing resistance, eg effect of ultraviolet light on antibiotic resistance in a strain of bacteria

A
  1. Mutation (to develop resistance)
  2. Natural Selection (those suited to the environment - the ultraviolet light - would survive)
  3. Replication (reproduce forming offspring who were also resistant)
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20
Q

m6, mutat, #2

During which step of the DNA replication + protein production process would a mutation lead to the formation of a new allele?

A

Mutation results in a change of DNA (which would lead to a new allele)

It is the step of: DNA being copied + each new cell gets a new copy (not during the protein synth process)

  • DNA replication? S phase?
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21
Q

m6, mutat, #3

what is an eg of a point INSERTION?

A

Huntington’s disease and fragile X syndrome, wherein trinucleotide repeats are inserted into the DNA sequence leading to these diseases

22
Q

m6, mutat, #3
what is an eg of a point DELETION?

A

CF, which is caused by a three-nucleotide deletion in the CFTR gene

Most common mutation is delta f508 in the CFTR gene which deletes the 508th amino acid

23
Q

m6, mutat, #3

what is an eg of a chromosomal DUPLICATION?

A

22q11.2 duplication syndrome

When an extra copy of chromosome 22 is made

This autosomal dominant condition can often cause slow vertical growth, weak muscle tone, and intellectual disabilities

24
Q

m6, mutat, #3

what is an eg of a chromosomal TRANSLOCATION?

A

Translocation of chromosome 21 onto the 14th chromosome causes the common genetic mutation of Down Syndrome; also Down Syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21 so that the individual has 47 chromosomes

25
Q

m6, mutat, #3

what is the correct sequence of steps following DNA being subjected to radiation?

A
  1. Mutations (occurs first!)
  2. Change in polypeptide sequence
  3. Change in protein
  4. Change in cell activity (occurs last!)
26
Q

m6, mutat, #3

what are the differences between the causes and effects of somatic and germline mutations?

A

Somatic mutations often occur due to replication errors prior to mitosis - spontaneous mutations may occur in the ‘S’ phase and if they are not repaired via proofreading in the G2 phase, it will be passed on to mitosis daughter cells

  • When a mutated cell continues to divide by mitosis, the error is replicated each time

Germline mutations - when the gamete carrying the mutation fuses with another gamete and an embryo forms, the mutation is replicated in every cell of the embryo as it grows and divides → affecting all cells in the resulting child

27
Q

m6, mutat, #6

aneuploidy and polyploidy can both occur during?

A

meiosis

28
Q

m6, biotech, #11

✍🏻 evaluate the long term effects of biotechnology on biodiversity

A

remember it’s not just 👎🏻 it’s also 👍🏻

29
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what are the general steps for creating transgenic organisms?

A
  1. useful gene is identified
  2. gene is isolated or cut out of its dna strand
  3. gene is inserted into cell of another organism (from diff species)
30
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what’s the scientific language behind WHY g🌾 was made?

A

Provitamin A is necessary for the production of pigments in the retina

31
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what are the steps for producing g🌾?

A
  1. identify + isolate the beta-carotene producing gene from a daffodil plant using restriction enzymes
  2. using transfer vector -> placed into plasmid of bacterium -> rice plant
32
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what are some disadv of producing g🌾?

A

Increased complexity of the gene constructs of GR makes it even more hazardous than existing GM products (unpredictable toxic by-products can also be created, and over-expression can increase the potential toxicity of Vitamin A in the body)

Staple cultural food

33
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

what are the steps for producing aquaadvantage atlanic 🐟 (salmon)?

A

gene that regulates growth hormones in chinook 🐟 + gene regulator from an eel species -> inserted into genetic structure of an atlantic salm

This modification produces low levels of growth hormone in the salmon, giving it a year-round appetite

34
Q

m6, genetic tech, #14

Draw a flow chart showing the sequence of events that results in the formation of recombinant DNA

A
35
Q

m6, gen tech, #17

what are the benefits of using gen tech in industry?

A
  • Genetically engineered bacteria - involved in making biofuels, detecting arsenic in drinking water, etc.
  • Bioremediation - cleaning up the environment using microorganisms eg removing contaminants from soil, waterways. Genetically modified organisms are used to target particular types of contaminants for eg bacteria that degrades crude oil in the ocean
36
Q

m6, gen tech, #18

outline soc, econ, cultural contexts

(for a particular biotechnology)

pssstttt how were oxitec planning on getting rid of the mosquitoes?

A

GM 🦟!!!!!!!!!!

social - YELLOW FEVER developing countries (recently Flor), 300,000 deaths annually

econ - costs econ AU$5.5b annually, GM 🦟 more effective than pesticide sprays (which are ineffective)

cultural - people in Flor afraid and against GM 🦟, developing countries generally accepting

37
Q

m6, mutat, #5

what happens if mutations occur in NON CODING DNA?

A
38
Q

m6, mutat, #5

what happens if mutations occur in CODING DNA?

A
39
Q

m6, genetic tech, #13

is cloning only an artificial process?

A

nope

natural clones - asexual reproduction of some plants and single celled organisms, twins

40
Q

m6, genetic tech, #13

what is the name of the process for a type of whole organism cloning?

A

SCNT

41
Q

m6, genetic tech, #13

✍🏻 advantages and disadvantages of whole organism cloning

A

ehehehehehe

formatting is quite ✨

42
Q

m6, genetic tech, #13

what are the steps of artificial embryo twinning (AET)?

A

A technique where a fertilised egg is split in half = two genetically identical embryos in vitro

  1. Early embryos are collected (must be early stage as they are totipotent, ie able to form all cells needed)
  2. A fine razor blade is used to split the early embryo in half
  3. These are left to grow in culture medium to form a blastocyst
  4. The embryos are implanted into different surrogate mothers (as carrying multiple foetuses can be problematic for pregnancy and birth)
43
Q

m6, genetic tech, #13

what, really, is therapeutic cloning?

A

produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured/diseased tissues

44
Q

m6, biotech, #8

  • what is the definition of biotechnology?
  • ooh and while we’re at it (even though this technically doesn’t fall under the biotechnology category), what is the definition of genetic technology?
A

b: the use/manipulation of biological materials as tools to fulfil human needs

g: refer to processes that help humans understand, make or adapt genetic material

45
Q

which biotechnology and genetic technologies have the ability to change populations?

A
  • CRISPR / gene therapy
  • selective breeding of plants, artificial insemination of cows
  • cloning
  • making pharmaceuticals using recombinant techniques eg synthetic insulin
46
Q

which biotechnology and genetic technologies DO NOT have the ability to change populations?

A

These genetic technologies do not change the genome of an organism and therefore do not change the population

  • DNA sequencing -> embryo screening/testing (SNPs, haplotypes)
  • pharmaceuticals or vaccines don’t ‘change’ the genetic composition of infectious diseases
47
Q

define biodiversity

A

the variety in gene pools of species as well as the variety of species in ecosystems

48
Q

m6, mutations, #7

what should you always include with your response that mentions “natural selection”?

A

selective advantage

49
Q

m6, biotech, #8

what are the pos soc/eth implications of lab grown 🍖? (4)

A
  • no slaughter animals for human consump
  • uses SIGNIFICANTLY less land/water
  • emits fewer greenhouse gases / less defor
  • reduces incidences of foodborne illnesses due to lack of exposure risk from enteric path
50
Q

m6, biotech, #8

what are the neg soc/eth implications of lab grown 🍖? (3)

A
  • may have same eth concerns as GMOs; people may not actually purchase it due to health/safety concerns
  • potential issues over marketing, labelling, regul of lg 🍖 in future
  • deriving cell lines is time and resource intensive
51
Q

m6, biotech, #8

what are lg 🍖 imp on biodiversity?

A

Severely less impact on environment eg deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, less land use and water use

Which helps preserve endangered species and increases biodiversity

  • may cause live animal farming to become obsolete

Biology 🐄🍏🐛🤰🏻🧬 (6 decks)

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