M5 Flashcards
development that occurs between the moment of conception and the beginning
of the birth process.
Prenatal Development
means carrying the embryo inside the female’s uterus.
Gestation
it is the time period of development from conception to birth of the child.
Gestation
pertains to the age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle.
Gestational Age
identify the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin, which is only produced by embryos and fetuses.
Pregnancy tests
means beginning of pregnancy from the union of sperm and ovum.
Conception
Prenatal development takes place in three stages or period:
germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
Fertilization to 2 weeks
Germinal Stage (Period of the Zygote)
Characterized by rapid cell division,
Germinal Stage (Period of the Zygote)
❖ Blastocyst formation, and
❖ Implantation in the wall of the uterus
Germinal Stage (Period of the Zygote)
the burrowing of the blastocyst into the lining of the uterus.
Implantation
a watertight membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, serving to regulate its
temperature and to cushion it against injuries.
Amnion (amniotic sac)
a membrane that becomes attached to the uterine tissues to gather nourishment for the
embryo.
Chorion
an organ, formed from the lining of the uterus and the chorion
Placenta
provides for respiration and nourishment of the unborn child and the elimination of its
metabolic wastes.
Placenta
plays a crucial role in prenatal development because this organ is the site of all metabolic
transactions that sustain the embryo.
Placenta
a soft tube containing blood vessels that connects the embryo to the placenta.
Umbilical cord
transports carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the embryo.
Umbilical cord
-FROM 3 to 8 Weeks
Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)
the embryonic disk is rapidly differentiating into three cell layers.
Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)
The outer layer, or ectoderm, will become the nervous system, skin, and hair.
Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)
The middle layer, or mesoderm, will become the muscles, bones, and circulatory system.
Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)
The inner layer, or endoderm, will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and other vital organs such as the pancreas and liver.
Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)
FROM 8 weeks to birth
Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -
The last seven months of pregnancy, or period of the fetus, is a period of rapid growth and
refinement of all organ systems.
Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -
This is the time during which all major organ systems begin to function and the fetus begins to move, sense, and behave (although not intentionally).
Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -
This is also a time when individuality emerges as different fetuses develop unique characteristics, such as different patterns of movement and different facial expressions.
Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -
protects fetal skin against chapping during its long exposure to amniotic fluid
vernix
The fetus is now covered by
a white, cheesy substance called
vernix
fine layer of body hair.
helps vernix stick to the skin.
lanugo
the point at which survival outside the uterus is possible
age of viability
refers to any disease, drug, or other environmental agent such as viruses or radiation that can harm a developing embryo or fetus by causing physical deformities, severely retarded growth, blindness, brain damage, or even death.
Teratogens
the time when that particular part of the body is forming.
sensitive period
➢ a disease that has little effect on a pregnant woman but may cause a number of serious birth defects in developing organisms who are exposed in the first 3 to
4 months of pregnancy.
Rubella (German measles)
Example : blindness, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, and mental retardation
Rubella (German measles)
disease caused by a parasite found in raw meat and cat feces; can cause birth defects if transmitted to an embryo in the first trimester and miscarriage later in pregnancy
Toxoplasmosis
it can cause severe eye and brain damage
Toxoplasmosis
a common sexually transmitted disease that may cross the placental barrier in the middle and later stages of pregnancy, causing miscarriage or serious birth defects.
Syphilis
a sexually transmitted disease that can infect infants at birth, causing blindness, brain damage, or even death.
Genital herpes
a viral disease that can be transmitted from a mother to her fetus or neonate and that results in a weakening of the body’s immune system and, ultimately, death.
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a
variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.
Thalidomide
a structural abnormality in which all or parts of limbs are missing and the feet or hands may be attached directly to the torso.
phocomelia
Heavy use of this drugs has been linked to fetal growth retardation, poor motor control, and even infant death
aspirin
use of this drug in the third trimester increases the risk of a prolonged delivery and pulmonary hypertension in newborns
ibuprofen
contain female sex hormones and, if a woman takes the pill without knowing that she is pregnant, her child faces a slightly increased risk of heart defects
and other minor malformations
Oral contraceptives
(that is, more than four soft drinks or cups of this per day) to such complications as miscarriage and low birth weight
heavy use of caffeine
A variety of cognitive and behavioral defects are associated with illicit drug use-marijuana, cocaine, and heroin
Illicit Drugs
an area of the brain that is involved in the regulation of emotional behavior
amygdala,
It affects development of the fetus directly and indirectly by compromising the function of the placenta
Alcohol
a group of serious congenital problems commonly observed in the offspring of mothers who abuse alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
are likely to display excessive irritability, hyperactivity, seizures, and tremors. They are also
smaller and lighter than normal, and their physical growth lags behind that of normal age-mates.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
a group of mild congenital problems that are sometimes
observed in children of mothers who drink sparingly to
moderately during pregnancy.
Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)
it introduces nicotine and carbon monoxide into both the pregnant
woman’s and fetus’s bloodstreams, which impairs the functioning of the placenta, especially the exchange of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
Cigarette Smoking
a congenital disorder in which the upper lip has a vertical (or pair of vertical) openings or grooves.
cleft lip
congenital disorder in which the roof of the mouth does not close
properly during embryonic development, resulting in an opening or groove in the roof of the mouth.
cleft palate
These include chemicals in the environment that the pregnant woman cannot control and may not even be aware of.
Environmental Hazards
Pregnant women are routinely advised to avoid X-rays, particularly of the pelvis and abdomen, unless they are crucial for their own survival.
Radiation
that helps to prevent defects of the central nervous system, help to prevent spina bifida
folic acid or vitamin complex
(a bulging of the spinal cord through a gap in the
spinal column).
spina bifida
