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NEUROANATOMY > M4 Cerebrum and Diencephalon > Flashcards

M4 Cerebrum and Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

is the largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

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2
Q

Can be divided into two parts:
- Diencephalon (Central Core)
- Telencephalon (Cerebral Hemispheres)

A

Cerebrum

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3
Q

Superior surface is concealed by the fornix and is formed by the roof of the third ventricle. This layer consists of an ependymal layer.

A

Diencephalon

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4
Q
  • Lateral surface is bounded by the internal capsule of white matter.
  • It consists of nerve fiber that connect the cerebral cortex with the other parts of the brain stem and spinal cord
A

Diencephalon

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5
Q
  • Medial surface is formed in its superior part by the medial surface of the thalamus and its inferior part by the hypothalamus.
  • They are separated by hypothalamic sulcus
A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

4 parts of Diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus
  • Subthalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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7
Q
  • The largest part of the diencephalon
  • A.K.A “Sensory relay”
  • influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain.
  • Ovoid in shape
A

Thalamus

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8
Q

5 thalamic nuclei

A
  • Anterior Nuclei Group
  • Nuclei of the midline
  • Medial Nuclei
  • Lateral Nuclear Mass
  • Posterior Nuclei
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9
Q
  • Forms the anterior tubercle of the thalamus
  • Bordered by the limbs of the internal lamina
  • Receives fibers from mamillary bodies
A

Anterior Nuclei Group

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10
Q
  • Found just beneath the lining of the Third Ventricle and in interthalamic adhesions
  • They connect hypothalamus and central periaqueductal gray matter
  • The centromedian nucleus connects with the cerebellum and corpus striatum
A

Nuclei of the Midline

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11
Q

These include most of the gray substance medial to internal medullary lamina; the intralaminar nuclei as well as the dorsomedial nucleus, which projects to the frontal cortex.

A

Medial Nuclei

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12
Q
  • Ventral Anterior Nucleus: connects corpus striatum
  • Ventral Lateral Nucleus: projects cerebral motor complex
  • Dorsolateral Nucleus: projects to parietal cortex
  • Ventroposterolateral Nucleus: relays sensory input from the body
  • Ventroposteromedial Nucleus: relays sensory input from face
A

Lateral Nucleus Mass

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13
Q
  • Pulvinar Nucleus: it connects to parietal and temporal cortices
  • Medial Geniculate Nucleus: receives acoustic fibers from the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus.
  • Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: major nucleus for vision.
A

Posterior Nucleus

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14
Q
  • Sensory Nuclei
  • Motor Nuclei
  • Limbic Nuclei
  • Multimodal Nuclei
  • Nonspecific Nuclei
A

5 Functional Nuclear Groups

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15
Q

Includes:
- Ventral posterior group (VPL and VPM)
- Lateral and medial geniculate bodies
- Modifies signals from body, face, retina, cochlea and taste receptors (except OLFACTION)

A

Sensory Nuclei

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16
Q

Includes:
- Ventral anterior and lateral
- convey motor information from the cerebellum and globus pallidus to the precentral motor cortex.
- Sensory nuclei is also called motor relay nuclei

A

Motor Nuclei

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17
Q
  • Interposed between the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and the cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
  • The dorsomedial nucleus receives input from the olfactory cortex and amygdala regions
A

Limbic Nuclei

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18
Q

Includes:
- pulvinar, posterolateral, and dorsolateral
- have connections with the association areas in the parietal lobe (Sensory)

A

Multimodal Nuclei

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19
Q

Includes:
- Intralaminar, reticular nuclei and centrum medianum
- No known details
- Some say it relates to cortical motor areas, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the cerebellum

A

Non-specific Nuclei

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20
Q
  • Is the most inferior part of the diencephalon
  • Plays a central role in the control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
  • Holds the pituitary gland via the infundibulum
A

Hypothalamus

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21
Q
  • Optic chiasm
  • Tuber cinereum
  • Mammillary bodies
  • Infundibulum
  • Medial Hypothalamic area
  • Lateral hypothalamic area
A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q
  • Eating
  • Autonomic Function
  • Body Temperature
  • Water Balance
  • Anterior Pituitary Function
  • Circadian Rhythm
  • Expression of Emotion
A

7 parts of Hypothalamus

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23
Q
  • Lateral hypothalamus: evoked eating behavior
  • Ventromedial Nucleus: stops hunger and inhibits the feeding center when a high blood glucose level is reached after food intake.
  • Damage to feeding center of Ventromedial nucleus may lead to anorexia (loss of appetite)
A

Eating

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24
Q

evoked eating behavior

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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25
Q

stops hunger and inhibits the feeding center when a high blood
glucose level is reached after food intake

A

Ventromedial Nucleus

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26
Q
  • Posterolateral and Dorsomedial areas: function as a sympathetic activating region
  • Anterior area: parasympathetic activating region.
A

Autonomic Nervous System

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27
Q
  • Related to autonomic response
  • A fall in body temperature, for example, causes vasoconstriction.
  • A rise in body temperature results in sweating and cutaneous vasodilation.
  • hypothalamic set point: <37C
A

Body Temperature

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28
Q

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus influence vasopressin secretion within the posterior pituitary
- Stimulated by blood osmolarity
- Thirst Center: located near the supraoptic nucleus.

A

Water Balance

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29
Q

in hypothalamus influence vasopressin secretion within the posterior pituitary

A

Osmoreceptors

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30
Q

Failure of Osmoreceptors or damage to posterior pituitary (vasopressin) leads to Diabetes Insipidus where there is polyuria and polydipsia

A

Water Balance

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31
Q

The functions of the body such as temperature, corticosteroid levels, oxygen consumption are influenced by light intensity changes that have a circadian (day-to-day) rhythm

A

Circadian Rythm

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32
Q

It is involved in the expression of rage, fear, aversion, sexual behavior, and pleasure.

A

Expression of emotion

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33
Q

Landmarks:
- Subthalamic Nucleus
- Body of Luys

A

Subthalamus

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34
Q
  • Is a small area superior and posterior to the thalamus
  • Houses the pineal gland
A

Epithalamus

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35
Q
  • Influences the onset of puberty
  • play a role in controlling some long-term cycles that are influenced by the light-dark cycle via Melatonin.
  • Melatonin:rises in darkness and falls during the day.
  • Plays an important role in the regulation of reproductive function
A

Pineal Gland

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36
Q

rises in darkness and falls during the day

A

Melatonin

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37
Q
  • is the largest part of the brain
A

Cerebrum

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38
Q

2 parts of the Cerebrum

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

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39
Q

the crests of the cortical folds

A

gyrus

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40
Q

furrows of the brain

A

sulcus

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41
Q

just like sulci but only deeper

A

fissures

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42
Q

why is the presence of gyri and sulci in a pattern that is relatively constant from brain to brain?

A

Easy to identify cortical areas that fulfills specific functions

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43
Q
  • aka sylvian fissure
  • separates the frontal and parietal lobe
A

Lateral Cerebral fissure

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44
Q
  • aka circuminsular fissure
  • separates the insula and separates it from the adjacent frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
A

Circular Sulcus

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45
Q

separates the left and right hemispheres

A

Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure

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46
Q
  • fissure of rolando
  • separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
A

Central Sulcus

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47
Q

Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

A

Parieto-occipital fissure

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48
Q

Begins on the medial surface of the hemisphere near the occipital pole and extends forward to an area slightly below the splenium of the corpus callosum

A

Calcarine fissure

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49
Q

Is a large bundle of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers

A

Corpus Callosum

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50
Q

Serves to integrate the activity of the two
hemispheres and permits them to communicate with each other

A

Corpus Callosum

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51
Q

Found below the cingulate gyrus

A

Corpus Callosum

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52
Q

is the largest of the interhemispheric
commissures and is largely responsible for coordinating the activities of the two
cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

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53
Q

Anterior part of Corpus C.

A

Genu

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54
Q

Posterior part of Corpus C.

A

Splenium

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55
Q

Involved in:
- Motor ,Initiative judgment, abstract
reasoning, creativity, and socially appropriate behavior (inhibition of
socially inappropriate behavior)

A

Frontal lobe

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56
Q

are phylogenetically newest and
the most uniquely “human”.

A

Initiative judgment, abstract
reasoning, creativity, and socially appropriate behavior

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57
Q

Lies anterior to the precentral gyrus

A

Precentral sulcus

58
Q

Anterior of central sulcus

A

precentral gyrus

59
Q

is the crescent-shaped, or arched, convolution on the medial surface between the cingulate sulcus and the
corpus callosum

A

Cingulate Gyrus

60
Q

extend forward and downward from the
precentral sulcus, dividing the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into three
parallel gyri

A

Superior, Middle, and Inferior frontal gyri

61
Q

includes higher order association cortex involved in judgment, reasoning, initiative, higher order social behavior, and similar functions.

A

Pre frontal cortex

62
Q

is located anterior to the primary motor cortex within the precentral gyrus and
the adjacent premotor cortex.

A

prefrontal cortex

63
Q
  • extends from the central sulcus to the parieto-occipital fissure
  • laterally, it extends to the level of the lateral cerebral fissure
A

Parietal lobe

64
Q

Posterior to postcentral gyrus

A

poscentral sulcus

65
Q

lies behind the central sulcus.

A

postcentral gyrus

66
Q

is the portion of the inferior parietal lobule that arches above the ascending end of the posterior ramus of the
lateral cerebral fissure.

A

supramarginal gyrus

67
Q

arches above the end of the superior temporal sulcus and becomes
continuous with the middle temporal gyrus.

A

Angular gyrus

68
Q

Is the posterior portion of the medial surface between the parieto-occipital fissure and the ascending end of
the cingulate sulcus.

A

precuneus

69
Q
  • Which most notably houses the primary visual cortex
  • Situated behind the parieto-occipital fissure
A

occipital lobe

70
Q

Divides the medial surface of the occipital lobe into the cuneus and the lingual
gyrus.

A

calcarine fissure

71
Q
  • it contains a light band of myelinated fibers in layer IV
  • is the site of termination of visual afferents from the lateral geniculate body
A

Striate Cortex

72
Q

this region of cortex thus functions as the primary visual cortex.

A

cuneus

73
Q
  • AKA lateral occipitotemporal
  • is between the calcarine fissure and the posterior part of the collateral fissure.
A

ligual gyrus

74
Q
  • AKA medial occipitotemporal
  • is on the basal surface of the occipital lobe.
A

fusiform gyrus

75
Q

Lies below the lateral cerebral fissure and extends back to the level of the
parieto-occipital fissure on the medial surface of the hemisphere

A

temporal lobe

76
Q

The lateral surface of the temporal lobe is divided into the parallel what?

A

superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

77
Q

Superior and Middle gyri are
separated by?

A

superior temporal sulcus

78
Q

Middle and inferior temporal
gyri are separated by?

A

middle temporal sulcus

79
Q

lies between the hippocampal fissure and the anterior part of the collateral fissure

A

parahippocampal gyrus

80
Q
  • the most medial portion of the temporal lobe
  • Curves in the form of a hook
A

Uncus

81
Q
  • is a sunken portion of the cerebral cortex
  • can be exposed by separating the upper and lower lips (opercula) of the lateral
    fissure.
A

Insula

82
Q
  • include the cingulate, parahippocampal, and subcallosal gyri as well as the hippocampal formation
  • can be exposed by separating the upper and lower lips (opercula) of the lateral
    fissure.
A

Limbis System

83
Q
  • Several poorly defined cell islands
  • located beneath the basal ganglia deep in the hemisphere
A

Basal Forebrain Nuclei and Septal Area

84
Q
  • These cell islands include the basal forebrain nuclei (also known as the nuclei of Meynert or substantia innominata), which send widespread cholinergic
    projections throughout the cerebral cortex.
A

Basal Forebrain Nuclei and Septal Area

85
Q

Located just laterally

A

septal nuclei

86
Q

Which receive afferent fibers from the hippocampal formation and reticular system and send axons to the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain.

A

septal nuclei

87
Q

The adult cerebral hemisphere contains myelinated nerve fibers of many sizes as well as neuroglia

A

White Matter

88
Q

The white center of the cerebral
hemisphere that contains myelinated transverse fibers, projection fibers, and
association fibers.

A

Centrum semiovale

89
Q

essentially connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres.

A

Commissure fibers

90
Q

They are as follows: the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, the posterior
commissure, the fornix, and the habenular commissure

A

Transverse Fibers

91
Q

Are nerve fibers that essentially connect various cortical regions within the same hemisphere and may be divided into short and long groups

A

Association fibers

92
Q

Afferent and efferent nerve fibers passing to and from the brainstem to the entire cerebral cortex must travel between large nuclear masses of gray
matter within the cerebral hemisphere.

A

Projection Fibers

93
Q

Once the nerve fibers have emerged superiorly from between the nuclear masses, they radiate in all directions
to the cerebral cortex.

A

Corona Radiata

94
Q

which is flanked medially by the caudate nucleus and the thalamus and laterally
by the lentiform nucleus

A

Internal Capsule

95
Q

is bent to form an anterior limb and a
posterior limb, which are continuous with each other at the genu

A

internal capsule

96
Q

shaped like a tepee, with an apical dendrite reaching from the upper end toward the cortical surface, and basilar dendrites extending horizontally from the cell body

A

pyramidal cells

97
Q

Star shaped, with dendrites extending in all directions

A

stellate neurons

98
Q

found in deeper layers, with a large dendrite that ascends toward the surface
of the cortex

A

fusiform neurons

99
Q

layer I of the Cerebral cortex

A

Molecular layer

100
Q

layer II of the Cerebral cortex

A

External Granular Layer

101
Q

layer III of the Cerebral cortex

A

External pyramidal layer

102
Q

layer IV of the cerebral cortex

A

Internal granular layer : stellate cells

103
Q

layer V of the cerebral cortex

A

internal pyramidal layer: dominant pyramid, stellate and other interneurons

104
Q

layer VI of the cerebral cortex

A

multiform layer: fusiform cells

105
Q

uses numbers to label individual
areas of the cortex

A

Brodmann’s area

106
Q

These anatomically defined areas have been used as a reference base for the
localization of physiologic and pathologic processes.

A

brodmann’s area

107
Q

Primary Motor Area

A

Area 4

108
Q
  • The premotor area
  • Medial Aspect of the Hemisphere
  • Use for motor planning
A

Area 6

109
Q
  • The Frontal Eye Field
  • Medial Aspect of the Hemisphere
  • Eye movements
A

Area 8

110
Q
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • serves a set of “ executive” functions, planning and initiating adaptive actions
    and inhibiting maladaptive ones; prioritizing and sequencing actions.
A

Area 9

111
Q

Weaving elementary motor and sensory functions into a coherent, goal-directed
stream of behavior.

A

Area 9

112
Q
  • motor planning, judgement, reasoning, initiative, higher order social behavior, working memory, and similar functions
  • Ant. to the primary motor cortex within the precentral gyrus and the adjacent
    premotor cortex
A

Frontal lobe

113
Q
  • Broca’s Area
  • Are located anterior to the motor cortex
  • Controlling the lips and tongue. Broca’s area is an important area for speech.
A

Area 44 and 45

114
Q

Damage to this area 44 and 45 would
cause speech that is slow and hesitant with limited vocabulary and impaired
syntax is indicative of ?

A

non fluent aphasia

115
Q
  • Primary Sensory Area
  • Found in the postcentral gyrus
  • Receives input from Ventral Posterolateral and Ventral Posteromedial Nuclei
A

Area 3,1,2

116
Q

Receive contralateral stimuli such as proprioception and touch.

A

Parietal lobe

117
Q

Perception of the processing of language

A

Area 40

118
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Area 41

119
Q

Associative (Secondary) cortex

A

Area 42

120
Q
  • Together, area 41 and 42 are called?
  • Involved in language and music
A

Heschl’s gyrus

121
Q
  • Wernicke’s area
  • which plays an important role in the comprehension of language
A

Area 22

122
Q

Damage to unilateral lesion and bilateral lesion results to?

A

mild hearing loss and wernicke’s aphasia

123
Q

The Primary Visual

A

Area 17

124
Q
  • Visual Association Areas
  • Each of these maps represents the entire visual world, but extracts
    information about a particular aspect of it
A

Area 18 and 19

125
Q

The visual cortex in the right
occipital lobe receives
impulses from the right half
of each retina while the
opposite for the left occipital
lobe

A

occipital lobe

126
Q

Refers to masses of gray matter
deep within the cerebral
hemispheres

A

basal ganglia

127
Q

Play an essential functional role in
motor control

A

basal ganglia

128
Q

include the caudate nucleus, the
putamen, and the globus
pallidus.

A

basal ganglia

129
Q

includes:
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus

A

Corpus striatum

130
Q

includes:
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen

A

striatum

131
Q

Functionally, the basal ganglia
and their interconnections and
neurotransmitters form the ……. which includes midbrain nuclei such as the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nuclei

A

extrapyramidal system

132
Q

An elongated gray mass whose
pear shaped head is continuous
with the putamen

A

caudate nucleus

133
Q

Is situated between the insula and
the internal capsule.

A

lenticular nucleus

134
Q

The external medullary lamina
divides the nucleus into two parts:

A

putamen, globus pallidus

135
Q

is the larger, convex
gray mass lying lateral to and just
beneath the insular cortex.

A

putamen

136
Q

is the smaller, triangular median zone
whose numerous myelinated fibers
make it appear lighter in color.

A

globus pallidus

137
Q

it sends many fibers to the putamen,
which in turn sends short
fibers to the globus
pallidus.

A

caudate nucleus

138
Q

The putamen and globus
pallidus receive some fibers
from the ?

A

sunstanstia nigra

139
Q

sends fibers to the caudate nucleus

A

thalamus

140
Q

Is a small but crucial band of
myelinated fibers that separates
the lentiform nucleus from the
medial caudate nucleus and
thalamus.

A

internal capsule

141
Q

Contains critically important
pathways such as the corticobulbar
and corticospinal tracts. Thus, small
lesions within the internal capsule
(which can occur, eg, as a result of
small strokes called lacunar strokes)
can produce devastating clinical
deficits.

A

internal capsule

NEUROANATOMY (5 decks)

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