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M1 Introduction to Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the development, chemistry, structure, function,
and pathology of the nervous system.

A

Neuroscience

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2
Q

This primarily functions to receive sensory stimuli and transmit them to the different organs of the body.

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

This includes multiple levels of analysis: Molecular, Cellular, Systems, Behavioural, and Cognitive.

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

investigates the chemistry and physics involved in neural function.

A

Molecular Neuroscience

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5
Q

distinguishes different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions.

A

Cellular Neuroscience

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6
Q

investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function.

A

Systems Neuroscience

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7
Q

studies the different factors interacting to influence human behaviour.

A

Behavioural Neuroscience

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8
Q

uncovers the way individuals learn, plan, think, and use their memory and language.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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9
Q

divide the right and left sides of the brain into two equal parts.

A

Sagittal Plane

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10
Q

Divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.

A

Transverse

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11
Q

divides the brain into a front (anterior) section and a back (posterior) section.

A

Frontal Plane

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12
Q

composed of axons, projections of nerve cells that usually convey information away from the cell body, and myelin (an insulating layer of cells that wraps around the axons).

A

White Matter

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13
Q

It is called a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the central nervous system.

A

tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle,or capsule.

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14
Q

A bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the central nervous system is called a tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle,or capsule.

A

White Matter

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15
Q

appears gray and contains primarily neuron cell bodies

A

Gray Matter

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16
Q

These are groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglia

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17
Q

In the central nervous system, groups of cell bodies
are most frequently. These are called?

A

Nuclei

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18
Q

What is the Gray matter on the surface of the brain?

A

Cortex

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19
Q

3 Main Cell Layers in the Embryo

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm.

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20
Q

It is the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the _______, into multilayered organisms.

A

Blastula, Gastrulation

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21
Q

It is the formation of neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

A

Neurulation

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22
Q

What Developmental stage in Utero?
- Conception to 2 weeks
- Formation of Blastocyst
- Gastrulation occurs during the end of the 2nd week

A

Preembryonic Stage

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23
Q

What Developmental stage in Utero?
- 2nd to end of 8th week
- Formation of Organs

A

Embryonic Stage

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24
Q

What Developmental stage in Utero?
- End of 8th week until birth
- Nervous systems develop more fully, and myelination begins

A

Fetal Stage

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25
Q

What is the Primary division of forebrain vesicle?

A

Prosencephalon

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26
Q

What are the subdivision of forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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27
Q

What are the adult structures of the forebrain vesicle?

A

Telen: Cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, hippocampus
Dien: Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, infundibulum.

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28
Q

What is the primary division of the midbrain vesicle?

A

Mesencephalon

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29
Q

What is the subdivision of Mesencephalon?

A

Mesencephalon

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30
Q

What are the adult structures of the midbrain vesicle?

A

Tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri.

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31
Q

What is the primary division of the hindbrain vesicle?

A

Rhombencephalon

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32
Q

What are the subdivisions of the hindbrain vesicle?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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33
Q

What are the adult structures of the hindbrain vesicle?

A

Meten: Pons, Cerebellum
Myelen: Medulla Oblongata

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34
Q

The 2 concentric layers of the Neural Tube

A

Mantle layer and Marginal layer

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35
Q

It is the inner wall and contains cell bodies and will become gray matter.

A

Mantle layer

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36
Q

It is the outer wall that contains processes of cells and will develop into white matter, consisting of axons and glial cells.

A

Marginal layer

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37
Q

It is a group of muscles derived from one somite and innervated by a single spinal nerve.

A

Myotome

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38
Q

It processes sensory information.

A

Dorsal Horn

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39
Q

It forms peripheral sensory neurons, myelin cells,
autonomic neurons, and endocrine organs.

A

Neural Crest

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40
Q

2 processes of the neural crest

A
  • connects to the spinal cord
  • inervates the dermatome
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41
Q

Are spherical cell clusters from the mesoderm.

A

Somites

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42
Q

It causes bulging in the surface of the embryo.

A

Somites

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43
Q

Contains the vertebrae and the skull.

A

Scleratome

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44
Q

Contains the skeletal muscles.

A

Myotome

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45
Q

Contains the dermis.

46
Q

What are the functional divisions?

A

Autonomic, Somatic, and Somatosensory Nervous System

47
Q

Consists the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

48
Q

Divided into: Cerebrum and Diencephalon

49
Q

The most massive part of the brain.

A

Forebrain: Cerebrum

50
Q

Connects two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

51
Q

It is the Deep cleft separating the hemisphere.

A

Longitudinal fissure

52
Q

Are the Folds or elevation in the cerebral cortex.

53
Q

Are grooves and fissures along the cerebral cortex.

54
Q

Thinking, memory, behaviour, and movement.

A

Frontal lobe

55
Q

Hearing, learning, and feeling.

A

Temporal lobe

56
Q

Breathing, heart rate, and temperature.

57
Q

Language and touch.

A

Parietal lobe

58
Q

Sight

A

Occipital lobe

59
Q

Balance and coordination

A

Cerebellum

60
Q

The site for reasoning, language, communication, intelligence, and personality.

A

Gray matter and Cerebral cortex.

61
Q

The axon that connects the cerebral cortex with the other
CNS areas.

A

White Matter

62
Q
  • Higher order functions
  • The site for reasoning, language, communication,
    intelligence, and personality
A

Gray Matter or Cerebral cortex

63
Q
  • These are masses of gray matter within the white matter.
  • Responsible for social and goal-oriented behavior, movement and emotions.
  • Execute smooth movement
A

Basal Ganglia or Nuclei

64
Q

Process emotions and motivation.

65
Q

Process memory

A

Hippocampus

66
Q
  • The largest egg-shaped mass of gray matter forms the major part of the diencephalon.
  • Important relay station for passing sensory information.
67
Q
  • 0.3% of the brain
  • Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.
A

Hypothalamus

68
Q

Holds the Pineal Body (influences the secretion of other endocrine glands)

A

Epithalamus

69
Q

Part of the neural circuit that controls the movement.

A

Subthalamus

70
Q

Connects the third and fourth ventricles.

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

71
Q

Contains many nuclei and bundle of ascending and descending nerve fibers.

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

72
Q

a large number of transverse fibers on its anterior aspect connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres.

73
Q

Many nuclei and ascending and descending nerve fibers.

74
Q
  • The largest part of the hindbrain
  • 2 hemispheres are connected by a vermis.
  • Consist of Superior/Middle/Inferior
  • Cerebellar Peduncles.
  • Cerebellar Cortex
  • Thrown in folds or foil.
    Functions: Posture, Balance and Coordination (POBACO)
A

Cerebellum

75
Q
  • Connected to the third ventricle
    via cerebral aqueduct.
  • Continuous to the central canal of
    the spinal cord.
A

Hindbrain: Fourth ventricle

76
Q

Spinal cord: Cell bodies of neurons

A

Gray matter

77
Q

Axons and Myelin

A

White Matter

78
Q

PNS: 2 types of axons

A

Afferent and Efferent axons

79
Q

PNS divides into?

A

Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System

80
Q
  • regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing regulates
A

Autonomic NS

81
Q

2 types of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic

82
Q
  • allows you to move and control muscles throughout your body.
  • involves things you can consciously sense and do.
A

Somatic Nervous System

83
Q

2 main functions of Somatic NS

A

Sensory Input and Movement Control

84
Q

contains the brain and its surrounding meninges, portions of the cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses.

A

Cranial Cavity

85
Q

is the upper part of the cranium; where sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures are found.

A

Vault of the skull

86
Q
  • is the lowest part of the cranium;
  • It has three cranial fossae: anterior, middle, and posterior
A

Base of the skull

87
Q

lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Anterior Cranial Fossa

88
Q

Boundaries of Anterior Cranial Fossa

A

ant: inner surface of frontal bone
post: lesser wing of sphenoid
floor: orbital plates of frontal bone

89
Q
  • upper surface supports the olfactory bulbs
  • small perforations are for the olfactory nerves
A

Cribriform Plate

90
Q

houses the temporal lobes and pituitary gland

A

Middle Cranial Fossa

91
Q
  • found in the lesser wing of sphenoid
  • passage for optic nerve, opthalamic artery
A

Optic Canal

92
Q
  • Between the lesser and greater wings of sphenoid
  • passage for lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor, nasociliary, and abducent nerves; superior opthalamic vein
A

Superior Orbital Fissure

93
Q
  • found in the greater wing of sphenoid
  • passage for maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
A

Foramen Rotundum

94
Q
  • found in the greater wing of sphenoid
  • passage for mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
A

Foramen Ovale

95
Q
  • found in the greater wing of sphenoid
  • passage for middle meningeal artery
A

Foramen Spinosum

96
Q
  • found between the petrous part of the temporal and sphenoid
  • passage for internal carotid artery
A

Foramen Lacerum

97
Q
  • lodges the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
A

Posterior Cranial Fossa

98
Q

Boundaries of Posterior Cranial Fossa

A

Ant: superior border of the temporal bone
post: internal surface of occipital bone
roof: tentorium cerebelli

99
Q
  • found in the occipital bone
  • passage for medulla oblongata, spinal part of accessory nerve, and right and left vertebral arteries
A

Foramen Magnum

100
Q
  • found in the occipital bone
  • passage for hypoglossal nerve
A

Hypoglossal Canal

101
Q
  • between the petrous part of the temporal and condylar part of the occipital bone
  • passage for glossopharyngeal, vagus, ans accessory
  • nerves: sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein
A

Jugular foramen

102
Q
  • found in the petrous part of the temporal bone
  • passage for vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

103
Q

outermost and strongest covering of the brain

A

Dura Mater

104
Q

2 layers of Dura Mater

A

Endosteal and Meningeal layers

105
Q

does not extend through the foramen magnum; becomes part of the skull

A

Endosteal Layer

106
Q

dura mater proper; continuous through the foramen magnum with the dura mater of the spinal cord

A

Meningeal layer

107
Q

a sickle shaped fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx Cerebri

108
Q

a small sickle shaped fold of dura mater between the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

109
Q

a crescent shaped fold of dura mater that roofs over the posterior cranial fossa

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

110
Q
  • A delicate, impermeable membrane lies between the pia mater internally and the dura mater externally.
  • separated from the dura by the subdural space, and from the pia by the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A

Arachnoid matter

111
Q
  • Removes waste products associated with neuronal activity
  • Provides a fluid medium in which the brain floats, protecting the brain from trauma
A

Arachnoid Matter

112
Q
  • innermost layer
  • a vascular membrane that closely invests the brain, covering the gyri and descending into the deepest sulci
  • extends over the cranial nerves and fuses with their epineurium

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