M1 Introduction to Neuroscience Flashcards
the study of the development, chemistry, structure, function,
and pathology of the nervous system.
Neuroscience
This primarily functions to receive sensory stimuli and transmit them to the different organs of the body.
Nervous System
This includes multiple levels of analysis: Molecular, Cellular, Systems, Behavioural, and Cognitive.
Nervous system
investigates the chemistry and physics involved in neural function.
Molecular Neuroscience
distinguishes different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions.
Cellular Neuroscience
investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function.
Systems Neuroscience
studies the different factors interacting to influence human behaviour.
Behavioural Neuroscience
uncovers the way individuals learn, plan, think, and use their memory and language.
Cognitive Neuroscience
divide the right and left sides of the brain into two equal parts.
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.
Transverse
divides the brain into a front (anterior) section and a back (posterior) section.
Frontal Plane
composed of axons, projections of nerve cells that usually convey information away from the cell body, and myelin (an insulating layer of cells that wraps around the axons).
White Matter
It is called a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the central nervous system.
tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle,or capsule.
A bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the central nervous system is called a tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle,or capsule.
White Matter
appears gray and contains primarily neuron cell bodies
Gray Matter
These are groups of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Ganglia
In the central nervous system, groups of cell bodies
are most frequently. These are called?
Nuclei
What is the Gray matter on the surface of the brain?
Cortex
3 Main Cell Layers in the Embryo
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm.
It is the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the _______, into multilayered organisms.
Blastula, Gastrulation
It is the formation of neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
Neurulation
What Developmental stage in Utero?
- Conception to 2 weeks
- Formation of Blastocyst
- Gastrulation occurs during the end of the 2nd week
Preembryonic Stage
What Developmental stage in Utero?
- 2nd to end of 8th week
- Formation of Organs
Embryonic Stage
What Developmental stage in Utero?
- End of 8th week until birth
- Nervous systems develop more fully, and myelination begins
Fetal Stage
What is the Primary division of forebrain vesicle?
Prosencephalon
What are the subdivision of forebrain?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
What are the adult structures of the forebrain vesicle?
Telen: Cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, hippocampus
Dien: Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, infundibulum.
What is the primary division of the midbrain vesicle?
Mesencephalon
What is the subdivision of Mesencephalon?
Mesencephalon
What are the adult structures of the midbrain vesicle?
Tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri.
What is the primary division of the hindbrain vesicle?
Rhombencephalon
What are the subdivisions of the hindbrain vesicle?
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
What are the adult structures of the hindbrain vesicle?
Meten: Pons, Cerebellum
Myelen: Medulla Oblongata
The 2 concentric layers of the Neural Tube
Mantle layer and Marginal layer
It is the inner wall and contains cell bodies and will become gray matter.
Mantle layer
It is the outer wall that contains processes of cells and will develop into white matter, consisting of axons and glial cells.
Marginal layer
It is a group of muscles derived from one somite and innervated by a single spinal nerve.
Myotome
It processes sensory information.
Dorsal Horn
It forms peripheral sensory neurons, myelin cells,
autonomic neurons, and endocrine organs.
Neural Crest
2 processes of the neural crest
- connects to the spinal cord
- inervates the dermatome
Are spherical cell clusters from the mesoderm.
Somites
It causes bulging in the surface of the embryo.
Somites
Contains the vertebrae and the skull.
Scleratome
Contains the skeletal muscles.
Myotome