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NEUROANATOMY > M2 Neuroscience at a Cellular Level > Flashcards

M2 Neuroscience at a Cellular Level Flashcards

1
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system (Nerve cell)

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Excitable cells

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Specialized for reception of stimuli and conduction of nerve impulse

A

Neuron

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4
Q

Functions of Neuron

A

Reception, Integration, Transmission, Transfer of information

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5
Q
  • Has single neurite
  • Divides into two branches
  • One branch is from the peripheral nervous system and the other is from central nervous system.
A

Unipolar

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6
Q

Parts of Unipolar

A

Fine terminal Branch and Dendrites

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7
Q

Found at the peripheral end of the axon

A

Fine Terminal Branch

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8
Q

found at the reception site.

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

Have two axons and no true dendrite
For example: Dorsal Root ganglion

A

Pseudounipolar

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10
Q

Has an elongated body

A

Bipolar

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11
Q

Found in:
- Retinal bipolar cells
- Sensory Cochlear
- Vestibular Ganglia

A

Bipolar

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12
Q

Most common type of neuron
- specialized to receive and accommodate huge amounts of synaptic input to their dendrites.
- Example: Found mostly in spine and brain

A

Multipolar

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13
Q

Long axon that may be as long as 1 meter or maybe more.

A

Golgi Type 1

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14
Q

Can be found in:
- Pyramidal cells
- Purkinji cells
- Motor cells

A

Golgi Type 1

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15
Q
  • Have short axons
  • Outnumbers Golgi type 1
A

Golgi Type 2

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16
Q

Found in:
- Cerebral cortex
- Cerebellar cortex

A

Golgi Type 2

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17
Q

a. Stores the genes
b. Control center

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

a. scattered throughout the cell body,dendrites,and axons
b. Provide energy for neuron

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

Includes: Rough, smooth ERs and Golgi bodies

A

Golgi complex

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20
Q

has Nissi substance

A

Rough ER

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21
Q

Branches of neurons that extend from the cell body

A

Dendrites

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22
Q

They receive incoming synaptic information and thus, together with the cell body, provide the receptive pole of the neuron

A

Dendrites

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23
Q

appears as head of mushroom in microscope

A

Dendritic spines

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24
Q

conducts electrical signals from the initial segment

A

Axons

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25
Q

The initial segment: contains alot of sodium channels to initiate conduction. What is this place called?

A

“Trigger Zone”

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26
Q

The space without Nissi substance

A

Axon Hillock

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27
Q

Consists of multiple concentric layers of lipid-rich membrane

A

Myelin

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28
Q

Is divided into segments about 1 mm long by small gaps. The spaces/gaps in between them are called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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29
Q

Serves to increase the speed (Saltatory Conduction) of impulse conduction along the axon.

A

Myelination

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30
Q

Where two neurons come into close proximity and functional interneuronal communication occurs.

A

Synapse

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31
Q

the site of such communication

A

Synapse

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32
Q

Examples of Synapses

A

Axodendritic, Axosomatic, Axoaxonic

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33
Q

Axon terminal connects to a dendrite

A

Axodendritic

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34
Q

Axon terminal connects to a soma (cell body)

A

Axosomatic

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35
Q

Axon terminal connects to an axon

A

Axoaxonic

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36
Q

Opens in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its binding pocket on the channel

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

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37
Q

open almost instantaneously and close as quickly

A

Voltage gated ion channels

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38
Q

important in the propagation of action potentials

A

Voltage gated ion channels

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39
Q

specific to sensory neurons

A

Modality Gated Channels

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40
Q

open in response to mechanical forces (i.e., stretch, touch, and pressure) or temperature changes

A

Modality Gated Channels

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41
Q

are always open and allow small numbers of ions through the membrane at a slow, continuous rate

A

Leak Channels

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42
Q

Important for setting the electrical potential

A

Leak Channels

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43
Q
  • The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane
  • measured in millivolts (mV)
A

Electric Potentials

44
Q
  • When a neuron is not transmitting information
  • Typically -70mV
A

Resting Membrane Potential

45
Q
  • Mainly maintained by Na/K pump (sometimes even the leak channels)
  • It is negative because anions are inside the cell.
A

Resting Membrane Potential

46
Q
  • The initial change in membrane potential
  • it spreads only a short distance along the membrane before dissipating due to the activity of leak channels and the Na+/K+
A

Local Potential

47
Q

Types of Local Potential

A
  • Receptor potential
  • Synaptic potential
48
Q

generated when modality gated channels are open

A

Receptor Potential

49
Q

is essential for rapid movement of information over long distances

A

Action Potential

50
Q

is a large depolarizing signal that is actively propagated along an axon by repeated generation of a signal

A

Action Potential

51
Q

Uses ALL or NONE Principle
- If the electrical signal did not reach the threshold, No AP is generated.

A

Action Potential

52
Q
  1. Na and K are within their default place
  2. Na/K pumps are closed
  3. Nerve is at -70mV
A

Action Potential: 1st step-Resting Membrane Potential

53
Q
  1. Due to local potential, the neuron’s experiences depolarization.
  2. Na/K pumps still closed
  3. Neuron may be at -55mV(Threshold) or less
  4. If the neuron hits -55mV → More depolarization
  5. If the neuron is less than -55mV → No depolarization
A

Action Potential: 2nd step Slow Depolarization

54
Q
  1. Possible if threshold was achieved.
  2. Na/K pumps are now open
  3. Neuron reaches 35mV
A

Action Potential: 3rd step Fast Depolarization

55
Q
  1. Na pumps are closed
  2. K pumps are is still open
  3. Electrical potential decreases
A

Action Potential: 4th step Repolarization

56
Q
  1. K pumps are is still open
  2. Electrical potential decreases going back to RMP
A

Action Potential: 5th step Hyperpolarization

57
Q

Types of Synapses

A

Chemical and Electrical

58
Q
  • Dominant type of synapse
  • Uses neurotransmitters
A

Chemical

59
Q

Mostly found on places where electrical stimulation is found such as muscles.

A

Electrical

60
Q

Parts of Chemical Synapse

A
  1. Pre-synaptic terminal
  2. Synaptic Cleft
  3. Post Synaptic Membrane
61
Q

Found at the terminal axon where neurotransmitters are first found.

A

Presynaptic Terminal

62
Q

Where Vesicles release transport substances towards the next membrane.

A

Synaptic Cleft

63
Q

Found at the dendrite of the adjacent neuron of the presynaptic terminal. Receives the information.

A

Post Synaptic Membrane

64
Q

Steps of Chemical Synapse

A
  1. AP comes
  2. Voltage-gated Ca gates are open
  3. Influx of Ca promotes release of
    neurotransmitters
  4. Neurotransmitters binds to
    receptor sites.
65
Q

It is mostly for excitatory effect but has some inhibitory effects (vagal response to heart).

A

Acetylcholine

66
Q

Secreted by: large pyramidal cells from the motor cortex, basal ganglia, motor neurons (skeletal muscles), preganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system and postganglionic neurons (sympathetic nervous system)

A

Acetylcholine

67
Q

To help control overall activity and mood of the mind, such as increasing the level of wakefulness

A

Norepinephrine

68
Q

Secreted by: locus ceruleus in the pons and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

69
Q
  • The effect of this is usually inhibition.
  • Seen in Motor system, cognition, and motivation
  • Secreted by: Substantia nigra
A

Dopamine

70
Q
  • Always act as an inhibitory transmitter
  • Secreted mainly at synapses in the spinal cord
A

Glycine

71
Q
  • It is believed always to cause inhibition
  • Secreted by : nerve terminals in the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal
    ganglia, and many areas of the cortex
A

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

72
Q
  • inhibitor of pain pathways in the cord
  • To help control the mood of the person, perhaps even to cause
    sleep.
  • Secreted by : nuclei that originate in the median raphe of the
    brain stem
A

Serotonin

73
Q
  • It probably always causes excitation.
  • Secreted by : presynaptic terminals in many of the sensory pathways entering the central nervous system and cerebral cortex
A

Glutamate

74
Q
  • Might be explained in the future explain some behavior and memory functions that thus far have defied understanding.
  • Secreted by : nerve terminals in areas of the brain responsible for long-term behavior and for memory.
A

Nitric Oxide

75
Q
  • Called Glial cells
  • They do not form synapses
  • Play as a supporting cells to other neural activity
A

Neuroglia

76
Q
  • refers to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
  • both of which are derived from ectoderm
  • these cells may have the capability, under some circumstances,
    to regenerate.
A

Macroglia

77
Q

There are two broad classes of astrocytes: protoplasmic and fibrous.

A

Macroglia Astrocytes

78
Q

They occur in gray matter

A

Protoplasmic

79
Q

contains glial fibrils

A

Fibrous

80
Q
  • Provide structural support to nervous tissue and act during development as guidewires that direct neuronal migration
  • Aid in repairing damaged neural tissue
  • Components of the blood-brain barrier
  • Shaped like as star
A

Macroglia Astrocytes

81
Q
  • Predominate in white matter
  • Form a compact sheath of myelin that acts as an
    insulator around axons in the CNS
  • A single oligodendrocyte may cover 30-40 axons
A

Oligodendrocytes

82
Q
  • Same as oligodendrocytes but only found in PNS
  • The only supporting cell in the PNS
A

Schwann cells

83
Q
  • Normally function as phagocytes.
  • Acts as the immune system of the CNS and clean the neural
    environment
A

Macroglial cells

84
Q
  • Regulate the extracellular environment
  • Only in the dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, and parasympathetic
    ganglia
A

Satellite cells

85
Q
  • Line the cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They
    form a single layer of cells that are cuboidal or columnar in shape and
    possess microvilli and cilia
  • Ependymocytes
  • Tanycytes
  • Choroidal epithelial cells
A

Ependyma

86
Q
  • Cuboidal or columnar in shape with cilia and microvilli,gap junctions
  • Circulate CSF,absorb CSF
A

Ependymocytes

87
Q
  • Long basal processes with end feet on capillaries
  • Transport substances from CSF to hypophyseal-portal system
A

Tanycytes

88
Q
  • Sides and bases thrown into folds,tight junctions
  • Produce and secrete CSF
A

Choroidal Epithelial cells

89
Q

is generally characterized by demyelination or axon loss and
can be partial or complete.

A

Nerve injury

90
Q

Different Classification of nerve injury are provided by Seddon and
Sunderland.

A

Nerve injury

91
Q

involve demyelination and more specifically conduction block.

A

Neuropraxia

92
Q

the endoneurium remains intact and serves as a conduit for the regenerating axon, which improves the likelihood of nerve recovery

A

Axonotmesis

93
Q

the endoneurium, perineurium, or epineurium is lost, and no conduit exists for neuron regeneration.

A

Neurotmesis

94
Q

just like neuropraxia

A

1st Degree

95
Q

just like axonotmesis

A

2nd degree

96
Q

Just like neurotmesis

A

3rd to 5th Degree

97
Q

is the ability of neurons to change their function, chemical profile (quantities and types of neurotransmitters produced), and/or structure.

A

Neuroplasticity

98
Q

is involved in learning and creation of new memories and is essential for recovery from damage to the central nervous system (CNS) and can also be maladaptive, as occurs in the neuroplasticity that occurs in chronic pain syndromes.

A

Neuroplasticity

99
Q

is a general term used to encompass the following mechanisms:
• Habituation
• Experience-dependent plasticity: learning and memory
• Recovery and maladaptation after injury

A

Neuroplasticity

100
Q
  • one of the simplest forms of neuroplasticity
  • is a decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus.
A

Habituation

101
Q

the synthesis of new proteins, the growth of new synapses, and the modification of existing synapses

A

Experience-dependent plasticity: learning and memory

102
Q

This includes compensatory actions by the body to complete a task

A

Recovery and maladaptation after injury

103
Q

Nerve healing occurs through either remyelination or
reinnervation by way of axonal sprouting or axonal regeneration

A

Peripheral Neuroplasticity

104
Q
  • Requires the presence of uninjured axons within the injured nerve bundle.
  • Requires 20% to 25% of uninjured axons to achieve recovery without residual functional weakness.
  • at a rate of about 1 mm per day, or 1 inch (25.4 mm) per month
A

Reinnervation of peripheral neuroplasticity

105
Q

in which a denervated neuron attracts side sprouts from nearby undamaged axons

A

Collateral sprouting

106
Q

in which the injured axon issues side sprouts to form new synapses with undamaged neurons.

A

Regenerative sprouting

107
Q
  • May happen in optimal conditions, of nutrition, removal or control of disease, and/or cessation of compression.
  • Schwann cells produce new myelin, and action potential speeds and strengths will improve and can even return to normal.
A

Remyelination of Peripheral Neuroplasticity

NEUROANATOMY (6 decks)

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