M4, C10 Classification and Evolution Flashcards
what would scientists look at when they discover a new organism in order to group it
Physical characteristics Behaviour DNA Mating/reproductive methods Cell structure
why do we need a single system to classify organisms
allows us to identify new species
allows scientists worldwide to share research and link organisms from different countries
allows us to find evolutionary links and find a common ancestor of species
to predict characteristics
what is the order of the taxonomic groups
kingdom phylum class order family genus species
what is the taxonomic group above kingdom
domain
what are the 3 domains
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
define species
a group of organisms that are able to reproduce fertile offspring
why could an offspring be infertile when 2 different species reproduce
it has an odd number of chromosomes so during gamete production homologous pairing of chromosomes will not occur properly in prophase I of meiosis I
what are the rules for naming organisms
called binomial nomenclature
first word - genus, first letter is capital
second word - species, all lower case
whole name in italics or underlined because it si hard to handwrite in italics
name a lion
species is leo
genus is panthera
Panthera leo
in italics or underlined
how were organisms first classified under arstotle’s theory
he thought every organism could be put into 2 kingdoms: plants and animals
In the old system of classification there were just 5 kingdoms what where they
prokaryotae protoctista fungi plantae animalia
(people find purple plants attractive)
what are the features of the kingdom prokaryotae
unicellular
no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
ring of naked DNA - small ribosomes
no visible feeding mechanism - nutrients absorbed by cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis
give examples of organisms in the kingdom prokaryotae
bacteria - E. coli
what are the features of the kingdom protoctista
mainly unicellular
has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
some have chloroplasts
some are immobile but others move by cilia, flagella or amoeboid mechanism
give examples of protocitsta
malaria
potato/tomato blight
what are the features of the kingdom fungi
unicellular or multi-cellular nucleus and membrane bound organelles cell wall made of chitin no chloroplasts or chlorophyll no mechanisms for locomotion most have a body made of threads of hyphae saprophytic feeders - nutrients acquired by absorption most store food as glycogen
give examples of fungi
ringworm
Black sigatoka
Athletes foot
what are the features of the kingdom plantae
multi-cellular
membrane bound organelles including nucleus, cellulose cell wall
all contain chlorophyll
most don’t move but some gametes move using cilia or flagella
autotrophic - nutrients acquired by photosynthesis so make their own food
store food as starch
what are the features of the kingdom animalia
multi-cellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles (no cell walls)
no chloroplasts
move with cilia, flagella or contractile proteins sometimes in form of muscular organs
heterotrophic - nutrients acquired by ingestion
food stored as glycogen
what have been the recent changes to the classification system
Classification used to be based on observable features
Due to advances in genetics we can now study the evolutionary relationship between organisms
When organism evolve so does their DNA, and as DNA determines proteins it in turn determines characteristics
So, for characteristics to change so does DNA
give an example of how the classification system has changed in terms of haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a protein with 4 polypeptide chains made of a fixed number of amino acids
in chimps, their haemoglobin differs by 1 amino acid
the structure of haemoglobin is very similar meaning we must have a common ancestor
what features were used to distinguish the 6th kingdom
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the cell’ membrane lipid structure Sensitivity to antibiotics
what is the 3 domain, 6 kingdom classification system
3 domains - bacteria, archaea and eukarya
6kingdoms - eubacteria, archaebacteria, protoctista, plantae, fungi and animalia
(the prokaryotae group has been split into 2)
what are the differences and similarities between archaebacteria and eubacteria
archaebacteria can be found in extreme conditions, eubacteria found in all environments
eubacteria contains peptidoglycan in the cell wall whereas archaebacteria don’t
Archaebacteria how 5 polypeptides in their RNA polymerase structure whereas Eubacteria have 8-12 polypeptides in their RNA polymerase structure.
both single celled prokaryotes
define phylogeny
The study of the closeness of evolutionary relationships between organisms
what are phylogentic trees and how do you draw them
Diagram to show the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Older species are found further down the tree, recent species nearer to the top
The closer the branches are, the more closely related the organism are.
why is phylogeny better than linnaean classification
The Linnaean classification system is based purely on observable features.
Phylogeny produces a continuous tree, and organisms can be placed anywhere along it, they do not have to fit into discrete groups
The Linnaean system does not tell you anything about the number of different species or level of diversity or how long the groups have been around
what were Darwin’s observations
Organisms produce more offspring than survive
There’s variation in the characteristics of members of the same species
Some of these characteristics can be passed on from one generation to the next
Individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive
what is the evidence for evolution
palaeontology
comparative anatomy
comparative biochemistry
what did Lyell discover
fossils are evidence of animals that lived millions of years agoo