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BIOLOGY > m3.4.1 cell nucleus > Flashcards

m3.4.1 cell nucleus Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the structure of nuclear lamina

A
  1. adjacent to inner membrane
  2. made of fine network of lamins ( protein intermediate filaments )
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2
Q

list the function of nuclear lamina

A
  1. supports the nuclear envelope
  2. maintains position of nuclear pore
  3. organize contents in nucleus
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3
Q

state the mutations in gene coding that makes up the nuclear lamina

A
  1. progeria’s syndrome ( child aging rapidly, caused by change in gene )
  2. EDMD ( emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy ) slowly causes weakness in the shoulders, upper arms, and calves.
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4
Q

describe structure of nuclear pore that takes up 10-30% of the nucleus surface

A
  1. pore complex ( ring-like arrangement )
  2. octaganal strutcure ( over 50 nm diameter )
  3. cytoplasmic fave has 8 subunits around the central zone ( 9nm diameter )
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5
Q

state the function of nuclear pore

A

to transport water soluble molecules across the nucleus

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6
Q

state examples of water soluble molecules that can be transported by nuclear pore

A
  • DNA
  • RIBOSOMES
  • PROTEINS
  • SIGNAL MOLECULES
  • LIPIDS
  • CARBOHYDRATES
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7
Q

What dissolves in nucleoplasm/karyoplasm

A
  • nucleotides
  • enzymes
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8
Q

during interphase, what exists in karyoplasm

A

chromatin fibres ( 200 nm )

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9
Q

differentiate between euchromatin and heterochromatin

A
  • euchromatin lightly packed while heterochromatin tightly packed
  • euchromatin has DNA transcribed while heterochromatin does not have DNA transcribe
  • euchromatin found in active metabolically cells while heterochromatin found in inactive cells
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10
Q

where is the location of heterochromatin

A

periphery ( outer part ) of the nucleus

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11
Q

what is the function of heterochromatin due to its dense feature

A
  1. gene regulation
  2. protect chromosome integrity
  3. heavier/condenser chromatin
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12
Q

describe the structure of nucleolus

A
  • 1 to 4 per cell nucleus
  • got dense basophillic material in nucleoplasm
  • dissapear during cell division, reappear postdivision
  • appear at nucleolar organiser region
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13
Q

what is the function of nucleolus?

A
  1. works at specific region of chromosomes which transcribes rRNA
    - rRNA found in other cytoplasmic organelles also known as ribosomes
    - protein synthesis
    - has same amount of proteins and RNA
  2. DNA transcribes RNA in nucleolus
    - to associate with proteins
    - then forms ribosomes
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14
Q

describe the appearance of ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  • complex system that makes up 10% of the cell
  • extends from nuclear envelope ( almost but not quite ) to the plasma membrane
  • interconnecting channels expand to form CISTERNAE ( flattened discs )
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15
Q

what is the function of cisternae

A
  • localizes the ER in the cytoplasmic areas ( puts it into function )
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16
Q

what is the function of rough ER

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. transport proteins to GOLGI APPARATUS & other parts of the cell
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17
Q

list the 2 types of proteins involved in Rough ER

A

1.water soluble proteins ( enter lumen and cross the ER to be released elsewhere)

  1. prospective transmembrane proteins ( remain embedded in ER such as channel prot etc for selective transport )
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18
Q

what part of the nucleus is partially reformed from the nearby remnants of ER

A

nuclear envelope

19
Q

describe the structure of SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A
  1. no ribosomes ( no prot systhesis )
  2. well-developed in cells that secretes lipids & steroids and in liver cells
20
Q

list the examples of cells that secrets steroid hormones

A
  • adrenal cortex ( endogens )
  • leydig cells ( testosterone )
  • follicular cells ( progesterone, oestrogen )
21
Q

what is the 2 function of Smooth ER in maintaining glucose level

A
  1. glycogenolysis
  2. gluconeogenesis
22
Q

differentiate between glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A
  1. glycogenolysis is rapid while gluconeogenesis is slow
  2. glycogenolysis occurs in mucles while gluconeogenesis occurs in kidney
  3. glycogenolysis breaks down glucose while gluconeogenesis produce glucose
23
Q

state the similarities of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A
  • both occurs in liver
  • both SER has glucose-6-phosphatase
  • BOTH coverts glucose-6-phosphatase into glucose ( to increase glucose level )
24
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A
  • glycogen degradation
  • increase glucose level in body
  • produce G6P in muscle cells
25
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

the metabolic process by which organisms produce sugars (namely glucose) for catabolic reactions from non-carbohydrate precursors

26
Q

list the functions of smooth ER

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • steroids synthesis and secretion
  • detoxifcation of drugs
  • metabolism of carbohydrates
  • ca2+ accumulation in skeletal muscle cells ( sarcoplasmic reticulum )
27
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • complex network of SMOOTH ER
  • transmits electrical impulse - store & release ca2+
  • allows muscle contraction
28
Q

describe the Smooth ER in the smooth/skeletal muscle cells

A
  • specialised form of ER, only in smooth n skeletal muscle cells
  • storage n release of ca2+
  • under influence of exitable electrons
  • plays a role in EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING ( ECC )
29
Q

What is ECC ( EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING )

A

the rapid communication between electrical events in plasma memb in skeletal muscles & the ca2+ release which allows contraction

30
Q

discuss the role of ER in lipid production

A
  • synthesis lipids n cholesterol to form cell membrances
  • in fat tissues, there are abundant of SER - secretes enzymes - forms lipid droplets - stores energy reserves in form of triacylglycerides
  • synthesis steroid hormones
31
Q

discuss the role of SER in detoxification

A

liver cells contains abundant SER - alot of enzymes along SER membrances
- breakdown toxic chemicals like carcinoges alcohol barbiturates into water-soluble products
- alchohol n drugs actually stimulates liver cells to produce more SER to increse detoxification rate

32
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • size : 0.2-1nm
  • diameter : 5-10nm
  • smooth outer membrane n inner membrane ( cristae )
33
Q

describe characteristics of mitochondria

A
  • rod / sphere
  • move around n not static
  • very reactive in high metabolic activity area
34
Q

Explain about the cristae in mitocondria ( the inner foldings )

A
  • extend wall to wall or one part of the way
  • tubular shaped
35
Q

what is the function of cristae in mitochondria ?

A
  • large TSA for chem reactions
  • more no. cristae, more cell activity
36
Q

describe the matrix of the mitochondria

A
  • the interior of mito
  • GOT ribosomes
  • GOT non-chromosomal DNA ( 5-10 of it , 2-3nm diam )
37
Q

list the function of the matrix

A
  • manufacture own protein
  • small number of proteins produced by mtDNA
  • GOT enzymes from Kreb’s Cycle/citric acid cycle - converts energy in food to ATP energy
38
Q

what is kreb’s cycle in simple words

A

series of chemical reaction to help breakdown n release energy stored in food

39
Q

describe the function of mitochondria in ATP production

A
  • got ATP SYNTHASE ENZYME used in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
  • oxidative process uses OXYGEN to convert ADP+Pi —> ATP + h20

ATP
- high energybond for metabolic processes
- krebs / citric acid cycle

40
Q

state the chemical equation of the oxidation process during ATP production

A

ADP+Pi —> ATP + h20

41
Q

describe the ATP Synthase

A
  • got f1 and f0 base
  • part of respiratory assembly ( electron transport chain )
  • forms transmembrane complex of 9 diff polypeptides on inner membrane
  • The ATP synthase F1 portion synthesizes ATP from ADP + Pi.
  • f1 subunit squeezes ADP + Pi until they form ATP, then releases the ATP tgt
42
Q

difference between ATPase and ATP Synthase enzymes

A

ATPase - ADP TO ATP
ATP Synthase - ATP to ADP

43
Q

what does ATP Synthase use to generate ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate in mitochondria

A

ATP synthase uses the flow of HYDROGEN IONS through the enzyme and back into the matrix

to generate ADP TO ATP and inorganic phosphate in mitochondria

44
Q
A

BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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