m3 d4 Flashcards
RBCs
what is increased rbc and decreased called?
- Transfers oxygen throughout the body to oxygenate organs
- Increased RBCs (polycethemia)
- decreased RBCs → anemia
tests associated w rbcs
HGB, when does the value decrease? and HCT
HGB (120-180) <70 is critical
- Measures gas carrying capacity of RBC
- Value decreases with bleeding
Value reduces:
- in low RBC production (aplastic anemia)
- RBC destruction (sicle cell anemia)
- Hemodiulation
- Dehydration
HCT (37-54)
- Measures packed cell volume of RBCs expressed as a percentage
- How many RBCs we have against everything else in our blood
tests associated w RBCs
indices
MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBCm, Reticulocyte count
RBC indices
- Mean corpus volume (MVC) → measures the size of RBC
- Mean corpuscular hemogolobin (MCH) → average weight of Hb/RBC
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) → concentration of Hgb in RBC
- RBC morphology → examination of the size and shape
- Reticulocyte count → the number of immature RBC released from bone marrow into nlood
WBC of CBC
two components? leukopenia, leukocytosis, esinopbils. basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophills/neutropenia
Two component
- Total count of WBC (10x10/L)
- WBC differential → percentage of each type of leukocyte
Leukocytosis
- Increased WBC
- Infection, leukemia, extreme stress
Leukopenia
- Decreased WBC lower than 4x10/L
- Autoimmune conditions, sepsis, cancer, AIDS
Eosinophils
- Allergy response, asthma
Basophils
- Inflammatory and allergy response
Lymphocytes
- Viral infection
Monocytes
- Fighting infection
Neutrophills (3.0-5.8x10/L)
- Bacterial infections
Neutropenia
- When bone marroy does not make enough neutrophils → increases risk for sepsis related death they are placed on reverse isolation → no infection → cannot fight infection
platlets and clotting factor tests
thrombocytopenia, thromocytosis
Platlets (plt)
- Clotting factors
- Thrombocytopenia → low plt <150x10/L → risk for hemorrhage
- Thrombocytosis → high plt >400x10/L → clotting risk
Clotting factors
- Prothrombin time (PT) 11-12.5s
- Clotting factors 1,2,5,7,10
INR
- Reports Pt based on a reference in comparison to a control value
Anemia
how to diagnose it?
- Deficiency in the number of RBCs, the quality / quantity of Hb, volume of RBcs or a combination
- RBCs transfer O2 → can lead to hypoxia
- Usually diagnosed w a CBC
- Asymptomatic
- Severe =hgb <60
Anemia Caused by: Decreased Erythrocyte Production, iron deficiency
Rbc lifespan is 120 days
- Typically equal number of produced and destroyed → unequal balance → decreased Hb synthesis
Iron deficiency anemia
- Often people who menstruate or become pregant have lower iron levels
- GI surgery, gastric bypass, blood loss
Tx; treat underlying cause, Symptom free
Medication
- Oral iron
- Take with vitamin C
- Side effects → constipation (absorbed in duodenum and jejunum)
acute and chronic blood loss anemia
treatment
Acute blood loss anemia
- Trauma or surgery → hemorrhage
- Stop source of bleeding and replace blood volume → prevnting shock
Chronic blood loss anemia
- Hemorrhoids, menstruation, blood loss
- Deplete iron stores leading to anemia
- Stop bleed
- Oral iron supplements
Anemia Caused by increase Erythrocyte Destruction: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
an abnormal form of Hgb in the RBC
- Normal Hg (Hemoglobin A)
- Abnormal Hg (Hemoglobin S)
- Causes the RBC to stiffen and elongate and take on a sickle shape → become sticky and can stick together and block blood flow
- Weak and rupture after 20 days
hemostasis
thrombocytopenia, drop below 10? diagnostic?
Stoping hemorrhage and repairing vascular injury
Thrombocytopenia
- Low platelet cound below 150x10/L not concerned until it falls below 50x10/L
- Drop below 10x10/L → spontaneous hemorrhage occurs → transfusion
- Symptoms is usually asymptomatic, sometimes petechiae, hemorrhage
- Diagnostics -> Plt test
Thrombocytopenia
Immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Type 1 : Immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Most common
- Autoimmune condition → body produces antibodies against the platelets
- Abnormal destruction of platelets
Treatments
- Steroids
- Splenectomy
- Plt transfusion
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Aggregation of platelets form microthrombi circulate around the body → blood clots all around body
treatments:
- Splenectomy
- Immunosupressants
- Steroids
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
what can this cause
- 5-10 days after initiation of heparin
- If plt drops 50% or drops below 150x10/L
can cause: Venous thrombus, arterial thrombosis
Treatment
- STOP heparin
- Direct or indirect thrombin inhibitor
- Warfarin later stage treatment
albumin
indications?
- Blood product prepared from plasma
- 5% or 25% solution
- Moves water from extracellular to intracellular
- Indications: hypovolemic shock after large volume paracentisis, liver failure
- Thick yellow substance
Fresh frozen plasma
indications for use?
- Liquid portion of whole blood seperated from blood frozen
- Clotting factors but no platlets
- Indications: bleeding related to a deficiency in clotting factors (vit K deficiency, excessive warfarin)
