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BDS2; FHHD > M3: Anaerobic bacteria > Flashcards

M3: Anaerobic bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe

A
  • organism unable to grow in oxygen presence

- require low redox potential

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2
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe

A
  • organism which grows under aerobic or anaerobic conditions
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3
Q

What is an obligate aerobe

A
  • organisms unable to grow in absence of oxygen
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4
Q

What is a microaerophile

A
  • organism which requires small amounts of oxygen less than the atmospheric level
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5
Q

What is a capnophile

A
  • organisms that require 5-10% CO2 for growth
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6
Q

How can anaerobic jars be used to grow anaerobes

A

Vacuum/Replacement method

  • remove air with a vacuum pump
  • replace atmosphere with gas mix
  • include palladium catalyst
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7
Q

How can gas-generating sachets be used to grow anaerobes

A

‘Anaerogen’ sachets; will absorb oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, no catalyst is needed and no water is added

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8
Q

How can an anaerobic cabinet be used to cultivate anaerobes

A
  • provides complete working chambers for anaerobes

- materials pass in and out via air lock

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9
Q

How can roll-tube techniques/ hung ate method be used to cultivate anaerobes

A
  • pre-reduced anaerobically sterilised media

- work under constant stream of oxygen-free gas

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10
Q

How can Robertsons cooked meat medium be used to cultivate anaerobes

A

Meat particles in liquid produce anaerobic environment

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11
Q

List the types of clinically important gram positive anaerobes

A

1 Cocci; peptostreptococcus

  1. Spore-forming rods; clostridium
  2. Non-spore forming rods; propionibacterium, eubacterium, actinomycetes, bifidobacterium
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12
Q

List the types of clinically important gram negative anaerobes

A
  1. Cocci; veillonella
  2. Rods + filaments; bactericides, fusobacterium, campylobacter
  3. Spirochaetes; spirochaeta, treponema
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13
Q

What are dentoalveolar/periapical abscesses

A

Abscesses that develop around apices of teeth with necrotic and infected root canals - oral streptococci and many oral anaerobes are involved

If the abscess if left untreated then the pus can drain to skin surface and this can be treated with metronidazole

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14
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A

A rare disease causing inflammation of the jaw bone cavity due to anaerobic gram negative rods and streptococcus species

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15
Q

What is chronic marginal gingivitis

A

Inflammation confined to soft tissues of the gingiva as a result of dental plaque accumulation with no particular species of bacteria involved

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16
Q

What is acute ulcerative gingivitis

A

Grey gingival pseudomembrane which is easily removed to reveal a bleeding area and destruction of the interdental papillae; this could be due to spirochetes and is treated with metronidazole

17
Q

What is periodontitis

A

Gingival inflammation extending to the deeper tooth supporting structures with destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone caused by p. gingival, p. intermedia and AGA

18
Q

Describe the anaerobic locations within the mouth

A
  1. Below the gum margins

2. On the tongue in-between papilla

19
Q

What is pericoronitis

A

Inflammation of the soft tissues that surround the crown of partially erupted teeth especially around mandibular third molars; oral anaerobes involved include p. intermedia and fusobacterium nucleatum = gram negative

20
Q

What is peri-implantis

A

Inflammation around implant systems that replace missing teeth which involves P.gingivalis and P.intermedia

21
Q

What is actinomycosis

A

The formation of a chronic granuloma with swelling, in chronic cases multiple discharging sinuses are observed and this is due to actinomyces israelii and presents as ‘sulphur granules’

22
Q

What is sialadenitis

A

Infection of the salivary glands by streptococcus species, staphylococcus aureus and gram negative anaerobes

23
Q

Describe infections with non-spore forming anaerobes

A
  • occurs at various body sites
  • commonly polymicrobial
  • often found in abscesses and wound infections
  • may be associated with foul-smelling pus or discharge
  • good anaerobic isolation techniques needed for diagnosis
  • treatment may include drainage and antibiotics
24
Q

What are the general features of clostridium

A
  1. Gram positive large anaerobic rods
  2. Produce endospores enabling organism to survive in adverse conditions
  3. Found in human and animal intestine, soil, water, decaying animal and plant matter
  4. Pathogenic species produce potent exotoxins
25
Q

Which clostridium species cause the following

  1. Botulism
  2. Gangrene, food poisoning
  3. Tetanus
  4. Pseudomembranous colitis
  5. Gas gangrene
A
  1. C. botulinum
  2. C. perfringens
  3. C. tetani
  4. C. dificile
  5. C. histolyticm, novyi, septicum, sordelli
26
Q

What is tetanus caused by

A

Clostridium petani following from contamination of deep wound injury with spores in soil

C. tetani will produce tetanospasmin (neurotoxin) and tetanolysin (haemolysin)

27
Q

What does tetanus result in and how can it be treated

A

Causes trismus (lockjaw), dysphagia, muscle spasms, death by respiratory or cardiac failure

  • can be prevented by immunisation with tetanus toxoid
  • passive immunisation with antitoxin
28
Q

What is botulism caused by

A

Clostridium botulinum following ingestion of pre-formed toxin in food which produces extremely potent neurotoxins that blocks the release of acetylcholine from peripheral motor nerve endings

29
Q

What can botulism result in and how can it be prevented

A

Vomiting, thirst, muscle paralysis, death by respiratory or cardiac failure

It is prevented through rigorous controls of processed food

30
Q

How is gas gangrene caused

A

By polymicrobial infection of wounds caused by histotoxic clostridia that produce a range of lethal and necrotising toxins and there is a three stage infection process

  1. Contamination
  2. Clostridial cellulitis
  3. Myonecrosis
31
Q

What can gas gangrene result in and what can it be prevented by

A

Results in gas formation in tissues (crepitus) causing fever, shock, delirium, coma and death and treatment may require amputation

This can be prevented by proper wound management

BDS2; FHHD (26 decks)

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