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BDS2; FHHD > IM1: Cells of the immune system > Flashcards

IM1: Cells of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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2
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils

A

Most numerous, phagocytose and ingest bacteria

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3
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils

A

Defence against parasites and involved in allergic reaction

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4
Q

What are the functions of basophils

A

Defence against parasites and involved in allergic reaction

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5
Q

What are the functions of mast cells

A

Mediate allergic reactions through release of histamine

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6
Q

What are the functions of macrophages

A

Found in bloodstream for phagocytosis and antigen presentation

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7
Q

What are the functions of dendritic cells

A

Responsible for phagocytic antigen uptake and presentation to T-cells

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8
Q

What are the functions of NK cells

A

Natural killer cells kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens by releasing lytic granules

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9
Q

What are the functions of B cells

A
  • present antigens to T-cells

- produce antibodies

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10
Q

What are the three functions of antibodies

A
  1. Neutralisation; surround pathogen and prevent adherence to cells
  2. Opsonisation; coat pathogen for marking to promote phagocytosis
  3. Complement activation; enhance opsonisation and lysis of bacteria
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11
Q

How are antibodies expressed

A
  1. B-cell receptor = BCR on the surface
  2. B cells secrete antibodies to diffuse and bind

The antigen is initially recognised by BCR and then activates B cells to secrete antibodies specific to the bacterium

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12
Q

What is IgM important for

A

Complement activation

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13
Q

What is IgG important for

A

Neutralisation, opsonisation and complement activation

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14
Q

What is IgA important for

A

Neutralisation in the GIT

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15
Q

What is IgE important for

A

Activating mast cells in parasitic and allergic responses

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16
Q

What is IgD important for

A

This is the B-cell receptor

17
Q

What is the role of CD8+ T cells

A

Recognising and removing virus infected cells and cancer cells (CTLs = cytotoxic lymphocytes) they have granules containing cytotoxins causing apoptosis

They are tightly regulated due to their high potency

18
Q

What is the importance of TH1 cells

A

Coordinating immune responses against intracellular microbes (esp. bacteria) by producing and secreting molecules that alert and activate other immune cells

19
Q

What is the importance of TH2 cells

A

Coordinate immune responses against extracellular pathogens by alerting B cells, granulocytes and mast cells

20
Q

What is the importance of TH17 cells

A

Produce IL-17 which activates immune and non-immune cells and is important for neutrophil recruitment

21
Q

What is the importance of T-regs

A

Prevent adverse immune activation and prevent immune response against self cells

22
Q

What do type I interferons mediate

A

Antiviral immune response

23
Q

What do type II interferons mediate

A

Antibacterial response

24
Q

What do interleukins do

A

Provide instructions with activator or inhibitor responses

25
Q

What is the role of tumour necrosis factor

A

Stimulates immune-cell proliferation and activation and are important in inflammatory resoisnes; TNF blockers are used to treat autoimmune disease

26
Q

What is the role of toll like receptors

A

Recognise general microbial patterns and are essential for innate immune-cell activation and inflammatory responses

27
Q

What are B-cell receptors

A

These are found on the cell surface and are also secreted as antibodies to neutralise pathogens

28
Q

What is the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

MHC proteins are carriers for presenting antigens on cell surfaces

29
Q

What do MHC class I proteins do

A

Present viral antigens which will be recognised by CD8+ T cells which will recognise and kill the infected cells

30
Q

What do MHC class II proteins do

A

Only expressed by APC’s (dendritic cells and macrophages) and present antigens to CD4+ T cells

BDS2; FHHD (26 decks)

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