M3 Flashcards
Information obtained by observing values of a variable is called
raw data.
Data obtained by observing values of a qualitative variable are
referred to as
qualitative data.
Data obtained by observing values of a quantitative variable are
referred to as
quantitative data.
Quantitative data obtained from a discrete variable are also
referred to as
discrete data
quantitative data obtained
from a continuous variable are called
continuous data.
Data can be classified as
grouped or ungrouped data.
are data that are not organized, or if arranged,
could only be from highest to lowest or lowest to highest.
Ungrouped data
are data that are organized and arranged into
different classes or categories.
Grouped data
can be presented in textual form, as in
paragraph form.
Ungrouped data
This involves enumerating the important
characteristics, giving emphasis on significant figures and
identifying important features of the data.
textual form
tables. By organizing the data in
X, important features about the data can be readily understood and
comparisons are easily made
tables
consists of the table number and the title
Table Heading :
It describes the data in each column.
Column Header :
It shows the classes or categories.
Row Classifier :
This is the main part of the table.
Body :
This is placed below the table when the data written
are not original
Source Note :
The most commonly used method in presenting data by tabular method is
by constructing a X
Frequency Distribution Table.
is the organization of raw data in table
form, using classes and frequencies.
frequency distribution
Frequency Distribution Table (FDT) is a statistical table
showing the frequency or number of observations contained in
each of the defined X
classes or categories.
frequency distribution for qualitative data X all
categories and the number of elements that belong to
each of the categories
lists
The X of a category is obtained by dividing the
frequency(𝑓) for a category by the sum of all the frequencies(𝑛). They
are commonly expressed as percentages
relative frequency
frequency distribution for X, the data are grouped according to some numerical characteristics
quantitative
distributions
endpoints of a class interval
Class Limits –
represents the largest data value that can be
included in the class.
. Upper Class Limit -
represents the largest data value that can be
included in the class
Lower Class Limit -
used to separate the classes so that there are no
gaps in the frequency distribution. The gaps are due to the limits; for
example, there is a gap between 30 and 31.
Class boundaries -
lower boundary formula
Lower boundary = Lower Limit – 0.5
Upper boundary formula
Upper boundary = Upper limit + 0.5
the difference between the boundaries for any class., i.e.
i=upper boundary – lower boundary or i=(upper limit-lower limit) +1
. Class width (i)-
the midpoint of the class
Class mark -
total number of observations less than the upper boundary of a class interval
• less than cumulative frequency (
total number of observations greater than the lower boundary of a class interval
greater than cumulative frequency (>cf) –
The purpose of X in
statistics is to convey the data to the viewers in pictorial form
graphs
is a graph composed of bars whose heights are the
frequencies of the different categories.
A bar graph
displays
graphically the same information concerning qualitative data that
a frequency distribution shows in tabular form.
bar graph
is also used to graphically display qualitative
data.
pie chart
a circle is divided into portions
that represent the relative frequencies or percentages
belonging to different categories.
pie chart
the categories are placed along the
horizontal axis and frequencies are marked along the vertical
axis
bar graph
is a graph that displays the data by using contiguous vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class is 0) of various heights to represent the frequencies of the classes.
histogram
is a graph that displays the data by
using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the
midpoints of the classes
frequency polygon
The frequencies in a frequency polygon are represented by the
heights of the points
is a graph that represents the cumulative
frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution.
ogive
is a graph in which a point is plotted above each class boundary at a height equal to the cumulative frequency corresponding to that boundary.
ogive
birth order
ordinal
registration number
nominal
skin complexion
nominal
number of siblings
ratio
gender
nominal
every seventh customer entering a shopping mall is asked to select his or her favorite store
systematic
nursing supervisors are selected using random numbers to determine annual salaries
simple random
relative frequency counts the number of observations that are ordered less than the particular class
false
the frequency of a category is defined as the number of observations in a data set falling under a category
true
class limits and class boundaries are the same
true
gathered data should be presented organized, precise, and convenient
false
the endpoints of a class interval are called class boundaries
false (class limits)
IQ score
interval*
grade-level/year-level
?*
blood sugar level
interval
every 50th bottle of soda in a manufacturing line is checked to determine the amount of soda dispensed by the manufacturer
systematic
in a large company, three departments are selected for a physical fitness test
clustered*
it is important to keep the width of each class the same in a frequency distribution
true
it is impossible to construct a frequency distribution for nominal data
true*
in constructing a frequency distribution table, the classes must be mutually exclusive
true
class limits are useful in tabulating continuous data
true
Volume (in cu. cm)
I
religious affiliation
N
Blood Type
N
Land area (in hectares)
R
MAil carriers of a large city are divided into four groups according to gender and according to whether they walk or ride on their routes. Then 10 are selected from each group and interviewed to determine whether they have been bitten by a dog in the last year.
Stratified
Nursing supervisors are selected using random numbers to determine annual salaries
simple random
The frequency distribution table is the most used tabular presentation of data
true
Frequency Distribution Table can be constructed for sets of Nominal data
true
class limits are used in tabulating continuous data
true
