M1 Flashcards
is a Science that deals with the collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data.
Statistics
refers to the gathering of information or data.
Collection
involves summarizing data in
textual, graphical or tabular form.
Organization or Presentation
involves describing the data by statistical methods or
procedures.
Analysis
refers to the process of making conclusions
based on the analyzed data
Interpretation
is a characteristic or attribute that can assume
different values
variable
are the values (measurements or observations) that the
variables can assume.
Data
Variables whose values are determined by
chance are called
random variables.
A collection of data values forms a
data set.
Each value in the
data set is called a
data value or a datum.
the statistician tries to describe a
situation.
descriptive statistics
- collection,
- organization,
- summarization, and
- presentation of data.
Descriptive statistics
- generalizing from samples to populations,
- performing estimations and hypothesis tests,
- determining relationships among variables, and
- making predictions.
Inferential statistics
Here, the statistician tries to make inferences from samples
to populations. Inferential statistics uses
probability.
consists of all subjects (human or otherwise)
that are being studied.
population
is a group of subjects selected from a population.
sample
is a numerical summary or any measurement
coming from a population.
parameter
is a measurement from a sample.
statistic
are variables that can be placed into distinct
categories, according to some characteristic or attribute. E
Qualitative variables
are numerical in nature. These are
obtained from counting or measuring.
Quantitative Variables
a variable, which is affected or
influenced by another variable.
Dependent Variable –
one that affects, or influences
another variable
Independent Variable –
Another way to classify variables is the use of the
four levels
of measurements.
determines the
algebraic operations that can be performed and the statistical
tool to be used in such data.
The level of measurement
is used when we want to distinguish one
object from another for identification purposes
nominal scale
We can only
say that one object is different from another, but the amount if
difference cannot be determined
nominal scale
examples of nominal level of measurement
Gender, Nationality, Civil Status
If the categories can be put in order, the scale is called an
ordinal scale.
If the categories of a qualitative variable are unordered, then
the qualitative variable is said to be defined on a
nominal
scale
In the _____ level, data are arranged in some specific
order or rank.
ordinal
When objects are measured in this level, we
can say that one is greater than the other, but we cannot
tell how much more one has than the other.
ordinal
examples of ordinal
Ranking of contestants in a beauty contest, of
siblings in a family, of honor students
If one can compare the differences between
measurements of the variable meaningfully, but not the
ratio of the measurements, then the quantitative variable is
defined on
interval scale.
When data are measured in the _____ level, we can say,
not only one is greater or less than the other, but can
also specify the amount or difference,
interval
If one can compare both the
differences between measurements of the variable and the
ratio of the measurements meaningfully, then the
quantitative variable is defined on
ratio scale.
always starts from the absolute
or true zero point.
ratio scale.
examples of ratio
Height, Weight, area
examples of interval
Scores and Temperature (in Celsius)
