m3 Flashcards
what are the two major stages
Preintentional (Birth to 8 mos.)
Intentional (8 to 18 mos)
pre-intentional stage
no international to communicate
(no plan to carry it out)
intentional stage
they do have a plan to carry it out
Bates (1978) 3 stages
Perlocutionary
Illocutionary–
locutionary-
Perlocutionary
birth to 8 months
babies aren’t intentionally communicative but parents need to interprent (eyegazing))
illocutionary
8-12 months
intentional
shown objects, pointing to them, eye direction,
locutionary
12-13 months or 18
first words appear. intentional
also begins to walk
Oller (1999) stages
early intervention
phonotation- birth to 1
articulation -2-3m
exploration/expansion 4-8m
canonical babbling-7-9m
variegated babbling-10-12
phonation stage
birth to 1m
quasi- soft vowels(no room for vowel) baby makes a sound mother respondes
Primitive Articulation Stage
2-3m
phonation plus articulation (coming together vocal tract)
velar
koo and goo
non intentional
playing with articulation
playing with speech sounds
model
Exploration/Expansion Stage
4-8m
intentional-not to communicate
vocal play
auditory feedback
rasberries
Canonical babbling
7-9m
intentional
reduplicated
mama- gets reinforced
Variegated babbling
10-12m
combines consonant-vowel sequences
jargon
the Discoverer Stage: Birth- birth to 8m lines up with
preintentional stage and perlocutionary stage
cry behavior stimulates….
stimulant laryngeal and oral function
prompts caregiver to provide basic needs
infants learn natural contingencies
smiles
reflexive for the first week of life
social
Early Emerging
Pragmatic Language
Behaviors (3)
*Eye Contact
*Turn-Taking
*Response to joint attention
eye contact
Mutual gaze: prolonged eye contact (“eye lock”)
* Gaze coupling: partners alternately look at the
other
* Deictic gaze: Infants fix eye gaze on some object of
interest; foundation for joint attention
Responding to joint attention (RJA)
early in 6 m to 12m
infant is responding to it
Initiating joint attention (IJA)
placed by 18 m
doesnt happend in preintentional
infant points
deictic gaze
baby is looking at something of interest
co-oritent (tell the baby)
ex.mirror when you noticed baby is staring at it
joint attention can be encourage during the first
9m
a baby does not understand the meaning of words in what stages
Receptive Language in the
Discoverer/Preintentional/Perlocutionary
Stage
hanens communicator stage what age
8-13 m
what does hanens communicator stage line up with and begins at
illocutionary stage and begins at the International stage
infants develop intentionality to
(3)
-Request
* Protest
* Comment
being intentional communicators infants dont what
be using orgal language
Prelinguistic behaviors are…
initiating in joint attention,distal gestures, contact gestures, production of first words
gestures-distal
infant points, head shake, waving, pointing
gestures- contact
takes the adult had to drag it to the object, push hand away, showing the toy,showing to adult
Increased vocalizations, CALLED
as jargon (long strings of
unintelligible sounds with adult-like intonation)
receptive language in the communicator stage children still…
Still does not have an understanding of the meaning
of words
appear to follow some directions, but with
heavy reliance on gestural cues and vocal intonations
Hanen first word user
12-18m
hanen first word user lines up with
banes locutionary stage
first word user stage
Emergence of the first word – beginning of the acquisition
of oral language
first word user stage some infants develop
protowords
protoword
doesnt resemble as through real word, “gega” blanket
real words have
vowel sound, silence breif period, under recurring conditions,used in convos
what determines baby first words
Environment
* Word types:
* Nouns & verbs; concrete comes before abstract
* Social (e.g., “bye-bye”)
* Occurrence (“allgone” “more” “again”)
* Adjectives (“Pretty baby!”)
* Sounds in words; babies have “sound preferences”
* Function – how useful is the word to the baby? “No”
vocab acquisition words #
18m
24m
30m
18 mos. 50 – 100 words
24 mos. 200 – 300 words
30 mos. 500 words
receptive language of first word user
names of
familiar objects and people without cues
“simple request”giveme
The combiner Stage
18-24m
the combiner stage is two
word combinations(meaning through context):
* Object + action (“Doggie run!)
* Descriptor + object (“Pretty ball!”)
* Request (“Want cookie!”)
* Refusal (“No bath!”)
* Possessive (“Mommy hat!” or…?)
what is a clause
Groups of words that contain a subject
(a noun) and a verb
two basic is
The independent clause
* The dependent clause
independent clause:
Includes a subject and a verb
* Stands on its own as a sentence
* Expresses a complete thought
dependent clause:
Also includes a subject and a verb, but…
* Does not stand on its own as a sentence
* Does not express a complete thought
The Four Basic Sentence Types
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
Compound Sentence
Compound-Complex Sentence
simple sentence consists
He kicked the ball.
subject, verb, direct object
A compound sentence consists
two or more
independent clauses joined by a conjunction compound sentense with a comma
I went to the store, and then I went home.
I went to the store, but my mother went to the library, and my brother stayed home
3 independent clauses 2 conjunctions
A complex sentence consists
of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Because he is wise, he does not smoke
Dependent introductory clause
The man who is standing on the corner is my father.
Dependent embedded clause
embedded
you put it in the middle
dependent
not a complete sentence or thought, wanting more
independent
can stand alone
A compound-complex sentence consists of
one or more independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.
Example:
The man who is standing on the corner is my father,
and the woman who is beside him is my mother.
the early sentence user stage (hanen)
2-3
early language is about “…what the child is
doing, what the child is about to do, or what
the child wants others to do.”(Lahey, 1988)
Focuses on the “here and now” of the child’s
world
Overextension:
A child, for example, calls all men
daddy
Underextension:
A child calls the family dog a dog,
but no other
Overgeneralization:
A child learns a grammatical rule,
but not the exceptions right away (e.g., foots, goed
Grammatic structures produced by
early sentence users include
Prepositions
Pronouns
Present progressive verb –ing
Plurals
Articles
Negatives (e.g., not, can’t, won’t)
ConjunctionsWh questions
Makes the shift from talking about the “here
and now” to the
there and then
Conversational repair
what or huh, to explain message
receptive language in the early sentence user stage shows an understanding of …. and follows
Shows an understanding of many different
concepts (e.g., colors, shapes, body parts,
same/different, etc.)
Follows two-step directions
Follows simple stories read to them in book
later sentence user stage
3-5 years preschool
Children 3-5 years of age produce:
Sentences more than 4 words long
More correct grammar
More advanced sentence types (e.gh.,
compound, complex, complex-compound)
A vocabulary of up to 5,000 words
development of pragmatics (later sentence user)
Taking more turns in conversations,Understanding pauses as a signal
Saying “yeah” and nodding to acknowledge what you’re saying
Not always give you a turn
Persisting to get into a conversation
Calling or yelling to get a listener’s attention
Staying close and maintaining eye contact
receptive language in later sentence user should..
should seem to understand most, if not everything, said to them
They understand more complex stories
understand and respond to more complex questions (e.g., “if,” “why,” and“how” questions)
Co-orientation
Towards an object, establishing what the object is
Mutual gaze
Prolonged eye contact
this type of eye gaze occurs when partners alternately look at the other
gaze coupling
describe a contact gesture used by an infant used in the illocutionary in development to request
take adult by the hand and lead them
preintentional infants develop an understanding of others nonverbal cues such as gestures and intonation
true or false
true
the first usage of grammar and bound morphemes should appear shortly after word combination to 24 - 30 m
true or false
true
children in the later sentense user stage are good turn takers
false
there is nothing caregivers can do to develop joint attention skills during first 9m
true or false
false you can co-orient
children in the combiner stage can understand many words with no additional cues given
true or f
true
describe a distal gesture used by an infant used in the illocutionary stage to comment
wave hi or by, point to something
these are phonetically consistant forms that some children first word user stage produce in the first word user that doesn’t resemble to the word
protowords
the communicator stage hanen lines up closely to bate illocutionary period
t or f
true
by the time a child is 6 years old all grammatical morpheme and structures should be in place
true
children in the early sentence user stage shows an understanding of many concepts such as body shapes and body parts
true
there is some though crying behaviors stimulant larygeal and oral fucntions
true
name 3 basic functions that infants develop to express
request, comment, protest
protowords produce by infants in the illocutionary stage are used in conversations
t or f
false
children in the later sentence user stage persit to get in conversation take turn in converstation and understand pauses
true or false
true
initiation in joint attention has been observe in infants as early in 6m but should be placed by 12 months by the latest
false
hanens first word user lines up with bates locutionary stage
t or false
true
later sentence user stage produce more advance sentence types and develop a vocab up to 5k words
true
children in combiner stage can understand and follow two step directions
true or false
false
describe a distal gesture in the illocutionary stage to request
pointing at something they want
morphology is the component of langauge having to do with meaning
t or f
false , its semantics
children in the later sentece user stage cant understand complex questions such as if , why or how
false
there is some thought that babies first words might have to do with sound preference
true
two word phrase such as object and action
car go
in the first word user stage infant began to understand object and people without cues
t or f
true
give an example of complex sentence
because it was raining,
intro clause
we stayed inside
dependent
children in the early sentence user stage can follow simple stories read to them in books
t or f
true
in the early sentence user stage children gradually use sentece that are gramatically correct including towards the end compound sentece
t or f
true
all infants begin of first word user stage by producing protowords
t or f
false
give an example of 2 word phrase used to refuse
no more
the first word types to appear when children are in the first word phase is noun and verbs abstract comes before the concrete
t or f
false
in hanens communicator stage kids dont have an understanding the meaning of words
true
children in the early sentence user stage are capable of following a conversation partners lead
t or f
true
this occurs when conversational partners omit expressing information that is shared between them
Ellipsis
children in the early sentence user stage are capable of pragmatics skill of conversational repair
t or f
true
past tense -ed is usually the first bound morpheme to develop in children’s language
false, its present progressive -ing
give an example of a complex sentence with a embedded clause
the girl who had blonde hair stood by the library
in the early sentense user stage children began making the shift to here and now to there and then
t or f
true
a 6 year old child should be a competent conversational partner
true
hanen’s communicator stage is the beginning of the intentional and lines up with the per locutionary stage by bates 1975
false, lines up with locutionary stage
this type of babbling is seen in infants to 10-12 m and combines with cvc syllabus
variagated
give an example of two word phrase used to request
give me
children in early sentence user stage can follow two step directions
t or f
true
an adult who follow a baby deictic gaze to comment what the baby is looking at is said to do this
co orientatiation
when a child in the early sentense user stage calls a ball a ball but doesn’t call anything else a ball
under extension
children in the early sentence user stage understand and use pragamtic langauge skill of ellipsis
t or f
true
example of compound sentence
i wanted to go to the park but it started to rain
type of speech that occurs when children in the early sentence stage can omits many function words such as articles and prepositions ( typical )
telegraphic
infant in the first user stage cannot follow or understand simple request
t or f
false
children in the early sentence user stage do not have ability to practice situation pragmatics
t or f
false
a dependent clause can stand on its own as a sentence
false
type of gesture that children in the illocutionary stage that they use to touching objects
contact gesture
give an example of a simple sentence
she likes dogs
as children language develops progressively more advance gramatic stuctures gestures and sentece type appears
t or f
true
children who are in the combiner stage still cannot respond to and answer simple questions
false
this occurs in the early sentence stage produce throwd and mouses
overgeneralization
if a 6 year old child cannot carry out a conversation and structures than a language disorder is suspected
t or f
true
infants are capable of initiation joint attention by age of 6 m
t or f
false
describe contact gesture used by infant in illocutionary stage to protest
push away somehting they dont want
crying behavior newborn infant intentionally send a message to their caregiver to attended to their needs
false
if a child calls all 4 leg animal doggies
overexertion
give an example of two word phrase consit of descriptor plus object
red house
babies will tend to produce words that are functional to them as first words
t or f
true
this type of eye gaze tend to occur when baby tend to fix their gaze on object of interest
diectic gaze
following a baby deictic gaze helps to establish joint attention
true
an independ clause use a subject and a verb and stands on its own as a sentece to express a complete though
true
describe a contact gesture by an infant in the illocutionary stage to comment
pointing
in Hanen communicator stage infants can follow directions without relying on gestures cues and vocal intonation
false
early language focus on the their and then of the childs world
false, here and now
both protowords and real words are reoccurring utterances that are reliably assosiated with reoccuring situations
true
give an example of two word phrase initiating possession
my book
children in a combiner stage can point to pictures in the book at request
true
give an example of compound complex sentence
although i was tired i finish my homework and went to sleep early
Mutual gaze:
prolonged eye contact (“eye lock”)
Gaze coupling
partners alternately look at the
other
- Deictic gaze
Infants fix eye gaze on some object of
interest; foundation for joint attention
noun and verbs
concrete before abstact
during the intentional stage of infant language development, from 0-8, it is assumed that babies do not have the cognitive capacity necessary to formulate a communicative plan and carry it through.
t or f
false
which of the following regarding the observation of bates (1975) is false?
1She observed the babies between the ages of 8-12 months are intentional communicators
2-she observed the babies between the ages of 8-12 communicate through prelinguistic behaviors
3-she devised the term “perlocutionary” to refer to the intentional stage of infant language development
4-in her illocutionary stage babies communicate through prelinguistic behaviors
6-the locutionary stage begins when the first words appear.
3
match Oller 1999
1.infants produce quasi vowels
2.the back of the tounge makes contact with the velum, producing “coo” and “goo” sounds
3.a period of vocal play
4.the infant says mamamamma or dadada
5.the infant combines a variety of consonant vowels sequences
1.phononation stage
2.primitive articulation
3.exploration/expansion
4.reduplication
5.variegated babbling
the absence of babbling at the age of 10 months is possible red flags for future difficulties in the acuisiton of language
true or false
true
which of the following regarding pre-intentional communication during Hanens Discorver stage is false
1.It is generally agreed that a newborn infant cry behavior serves no communicative function because they are in the preintentional stage of langauge development
2.smiles observed during the first few weeks of life are probably reflexive in nature
3.cry behaviors prompts caregivers to provide for an infant basic needs
4.reflexive smiles are shaped into social smiles through the reinforcement the baby receives from adults in the enviorment
5.if caregiver tend to an infant basic needs in respinse to the infant cry behavior then infants learn the concepts of natural contigncies
1
typically developing infants make eye contact from birth
t or f
t
match
1.type of gaze in which infants fix eye gaze on some objects of interest.
2.the adult joins the baby in looking at an appealing object
3.regard for an object in conjunction with another person with shifting eye gaze form the object to the person
4.prolonged eye contact “eyelock”
5.an infant looks at a presented object ; should be in place by 12 months
6.an infant engages in this when showing an object or pointing to an object should be in place by 18 m
7.partners(the baby and the adult) alternary look at each other
1.dietic
- joint attention
3.co-orientation
4.mutual gaze
5.responding to joint attention
6.co-orientation
- gaze coupling
the communicator stage (Hanen,2001) lines up with the locutionary stage (bates,1976)
false
match the correct and gestures
1.Infant turns her head away when presented with a non preffered food
2.infant points to a dog in the envioment excitedly looks at the adult and then back at the dog
3.infant reaches to be picked up
4.infant pushes an overly friendly puppy who is bothering him away
5.infant holds up an appealing toy saying “this is so cool”
6.infant hands an empty sippy cup to the parent, because she is thirsty
1..protest/distal
2.comment/distal gesture
3.request/distal
4.protest/contact gesture
5.comment/contact gesture
6.request contact gesture
infant in the communicator stage may produce jargon, which is long strings of unintelligible sounds with adult like initonation
t or f
t
infants in the pre-intentional stage will develop an understanding of others nonverbal cues such as gestures and intonation
t
children make the shift from talking about the “hear and now” to the “there and then” in the early sentence user stage
t or f
t
the emergence of the first word marks the beginning of oral language usage and is the beginning of the first word user stage (hanen,2001) anf the locutionary stage
t
which is the following protowords is false?
1.protowords are also called phonetically consistent forms (PCF)
2.protowords are units with distinguishable utterance boundaries
3.protowords are used in recurring utterances
4.protowords are reliably associated with recurring situations
5.protowords closely resemble the adult form
1.5
all infants produce protowords before they produce real words
false
which of the following regarding real words is false
1.real words are consistent productions that are phoneticallly similar to the adult-word form
2.real words have a consonant sound close to the adult production, but vowels are often erred
3.real words are followed by a brief period of silence
4.real words are used under recurring consitions
5.real words are used in conversations
1.2
the environment in which the child lives influences which words the child with first produce
t or f
t
children learn to produce abstract noun and verbs before they learn to produce concrete nouns and verbs
t or f
f
match the type of two- words combination likely to be produced by children in the combiner stage to its example
object+action
descriptor+object
request
refusal
possessive
daddy eat
big ball
want up
no bed
my cookie
according to brown (1973) the third person singular present tense verb -ing is the first morpheme to appear in children developing oral language
f
by the time a child is 4 years old all of the grammatical morphemes and sentences structures of the english language should be in place
t
match the sentence and its type
1.she was my teacher
2.i lie, to play soccer and i like to play baseball too
3.when my uncle bob visits, we alwyas have a good time
4.although she did not usually go to amusement parks she went with her boyfriend, and she actually enjoyed it very much .
simple sentence
compound
complex
complex compound
match terms with early sentence user stage
children learn the word “ball” for the toy ball in their home and then call all other round objects “balls”
children learn the word “flower” in reference to the roses growing in their backyard, but do not apply the word to any other flower
children learn a grammatical rule but not the exceptions right away (I runned fast)
type of speech resulting from omission of functions words
a speaker notices the listener is not understanding what he is saying so he restates his message
occurs when shared knowledge is recognized and not unessasaury repeaeted
over extension
under extension
overgeneralization
telegraphic
conversation repair
elipsis
