m2 p1 Flashcards
what is language
code where ideas are represented through conventional system through agreed upon symbols
What is Communication?
the sending and receiving of messages,
information, ideas, or feelings”
What is Speech?
Speech is the neuromuscular act of producing sounds
that are used in language
Respiration
provides the source of air to produce speech sounds
Phonation:
vibration of the vocal folds to produce speech sounds;
there are different types of phonation
Resonation
speech sounds resonate in the vocal tract
(i.e., pharynx, and oral and nasal cavities
Articulation
modifies the speech sounds into vowels or
consonants through movement
langauge is the ____ where as speech is the _____ production of that code
code, sensorimotor
a term often used to refer to behaviors such as loudness, frowning and using gestures is
extralinguistic communication
A speech disorder is different from a -language- disorder;
speech disorders include difficulties with:
Articulation
Fluency
*Voice
speaker said,”the babys sleeping” in a quiet whisper accompained by a frown and open gesture. this term is called.
extralinguistic communication
what are the types of extralinguistic behaviors
Paralinguistics
Nonlinguistics (or nonverbal communication)
Metalinguistics
Paralinguistic Aspects
the melodic components of speech that modify
the meaning of the spoken message ex. stress,pitch,intonation
Stress
the loudness of the spoken word;
Pitch
the “auditory property of a sound. . .from
low to high” ex. gender,age emotional state
Intonation
the rise and fall in pitch within
utterances ex.
ex. “he went skydiving” with a question or suprise at the end which is
intonation
Proxemics
nonlinguistic communication. the use of space and physical distance between speakers and listeners to communicate
Kinesics
nonlinguistics communication. body movements used to communicate
(e.g., gestures, facial expressions)
is nonlinguistics in other countries mean the same thing
no
Metalinguistics
The ability to: Use language ,Talk about language, Analyze language.and thinking
what are the 5 components of language
Phonology
* Semantics
* Syntax
* Morphology
* Pragmatics
is this a speech or language problem?
I want to fit
speech
is this a speech or language problem?
I want it no to go
language
The phonological component of language refers to
speech sound and the sound pattern that create words within a given language
Phone
A single speech sound conveying meaning within a given language;
a phoneme is a
group of sounds representing slightly different productions refer to allophones
why cant kids use “ksee ngot and the isyth ptosv did” it fails to conform the what
phonotactic rules of english,
Allophone
light variations in the production of a phone,! Allophones are variations of a single phoneme that don’t change the meaning of a word
Example:
* The “light” /l/ as in the word “light”
* The “dark”/l/ as in the word “call”
* The “syllabic” /l/ as in the word “bottle”
phonological component
Semantics
deals with the referents for words and the
meanings of utterances”
lexicon
refers to the vocabulary of a language in our field we
consider vocabulary to refer to the number of words
produced and understood by an individual
Semantic;
Words are representative of
(objects), attributes
(characteristics), concepts (ideas), or experiences
what are the types of meaning from semantics
Referential meaning:
Connotative meaning:
Inferential meaning:
Referential meaning:
simple concrete meaning of a word; also called “dictionary
meanings”
Connotative meaning:
emotional meaning of a word
Inferential meaning:
meaning that is not overtly stated, but is inferred.
a snake can be defined as an “elongated, legless, carnivorous reptile” is
referential meaning
the word snake might evoke fear, mild distate or, for those who are into snakes is
Connotative meaning:
He took one look at the coiled snake and quickly ran away. While not overtly stated, we
can assume
Inferential meaning:
figurative meaning
the meaning that a phrase may convey,whereas the words within the phrase do not.
idioms
carries meaning that the words in the saying or
proverb do not literally state (e.g., It’s raining cats and dogs
Irony
Points out the absurdity of a situation (e.g, “Ironically,
the attorney died without leaving a will”
Sarcasm
A caustic or jeering remark in which the meaning is
the opposite of what the words actually convey (e.g., “Oh,
that’s nice!” when someone cuts you off in traffic)
Metaphors:
make comparisons between two or more
unrelated objects (e.g., “Her eyes were stars glittering in the
darkness of night
Similes
make comparisons between two or more unrelated
objects using the words like or as (e.g., “Her eyes were like
diamonds”
Figurative language begins to be used and understood by
children from the age of
4 onward and continually improves
relational meaning
has to do with the manner in which words are related to each other; some words such as if, and, or, and so forth include synonyms and antonyms
synonyms
different words that mean the same thing big/large/huge; beautiful/pretty/lovely
homonyms
Words that sound alike and are spelled alike but have
different meanings bat,palm,scale
Homophones
Words that sound alike, have different meanings, and
also have different spellings (e.g., bear/bare;
Convergent categorization:
the ability to provide a category name for a group of items
What category do the
following words belong to chair table,bed, sofa
Divergent categorization
the ability to provide a list of items
when given a category name (e.g., “Name 10 animals”)
syntax
the rules that govern “how words are to be sequenced in
utterances and how the words in an utterance are related”
Syntax includes
Different types of sentences used
Different parts of speech used
Grammar
a broader term which includes syntax and morphology
as well as semantic restrictions (e.g., “The pizza ate the boy” is
syntactically correct but makes no sense semantically)
Morphology
the study of word structures, component of grammar
Morphemes
are the smallest elements of meaning
in a language
Free morphemes
a whole
word that conveys meaning and cannot be broken down into smaller units.
(e.g., ball, table, house
Bound morphemes
suffixes and prefixes that
attach to a free morpheme and alter meaning. ntwo types derivational and inflectional
noun
person, place or thing
verb
action word or state of being
adverb
describe a verb
adjective
describes a noun
Derivational morphemes:
Bound morphemes that are used to
create new words or to “make words of a different grammatical
class from the stem [root, or free morpheme]”
example:quick/quickly, wise/wisely, firm/firmly) teach/teacher, manage/manager,
farm/farmer)(unhappiness)
Derivational;free morpheme more than one derivational
Inflectional morpheme:
bound morpheme (or affix) that indicates
a grammatical property, such as verb tense, number, possession, or
comparison
example; walk/walked (past tense –ed); eat/eats (third person singular present
tense –s); sing/singing (present progressive –ing)
Number: duck/ducks (plural -s)
Possession: Dad/Dad’s (possessive –s)
Comparison: large/larger/largest (comparative –er and superlative -es
inflectional-bound morphemes
Allomorph
a variation of a morpheme that does not alter the
original meaning of the morpheme”
ex Past tense –ed (e.g., fried): past tense –t (e.g., walked) and
-ed (e.g., waited)
* Plural –s (e.g., books): z (e.g., dogs) and plural –ez
(e.g., matches)
* Third person singular present tense –s (e.g., She eats)
allomorphs
Pragmatic
pragmatics is
“the study of language production in social contexts”
Verbal pragmatic skills
those required to
initiate and continue conversational discourse
Discourse or conversation:
the connected and
contingent flow of language during social
interaction between two or more individuals
Verbal Pragmatic Skills:
Types of Skills
Initiating conversation
Greetings/farewells
Small talk
Topic initiation
* Taking turns
Does each conversation partner take on the role of
listener and speaker?
Using conversational repair;
a skill that is necessary when a
communicative message needs clarification
-Two sides
Responding to verbal or nonverbal requests for
clarification (e.g., through repetition or rephrasing)
Requesting clarification
Personal narratives
the ability to tell personal
experiences
fictional narratives
the ability to tell a story
Nonverbal pragmatic language skills
physical,
emotional, and gestural facets of communication (extralinguistic)
Nonverbal pragmatic language skills include:
Making and maintaining eye contact
Proxemics
Gestures
Facial expressions
Receptive Language aka language comprehension
The ability to understand what is expressed verbally or
nonverbally
Following directions
Answering questions
Pointing to objects
Reading comprehension (in school aged children)
Expressive Language aka language production
The ability to communicate verbally or
nonverbally. Requires appropriate use of the phonologic,
semantic, syntactic, morphologic, and pragmatic
components of language
Arbitrary
No reason why it’s named that
