M2 L3 Flashcards
[Total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values] that are characteristics of an individual
Personality
Factors of Personality Development
- Hereditary
- Birth Order
- Parental Characteristics
- Cultural Environment
[Characteristics that are present at birth], such as body build, hair type, eye color, and skin pigmentation
Hereditary
[The order in which we are born into our families] also influences our personalities
Birth Order
Personality development in children is also influenced by the
characteristics of the parents
Parental Characteristics
This determines the basic types of personality traits of a person
Cultural Environment
Filipino Concept of Personality
- Bahala Na Attitude
- Hospitable and Respectful
- Religiosity
- Loyalty and Gratefulness
- Adaptability and Resilience
- Respect for Elders
Became [a defense mechanism for Filipinos], to preserve mental balance and mitigate the adverse effects of their failures
Bahala Na Attitude
A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law
Deviance
Anything that deviates from what people generally accept as normal
Deviance
Types of Deviant Activities
- Crime or Formal Deviance
- Violations of Informal Social Norms (Informal Deviance)
Violation of formally enacted laws
Crime or Formal Deviance
Violation of norms that have not been codified into laws
Informal Deviance
Imposed by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behaviors in ways that limit, or punish deviance
Sanctions or Social Control
Types of Sanctions
- Positive Sanction
- Negative Sanction
Affirmative reactions, usually in response to conformity
Positive Sanction
Negative social reactions to deviance
Negative Sanction
Occurs when norms are [codified into law], and violation almost always results in negative [sanctions from the justice system]
Formal Sanctioning of Deviance
Degrees of Deviance
- Primary Deviance
- Secondary Deviance
Occasional violation of norms
Primary Deviance
Refers to [deviance as a lifestyle] and results in the individual [being labeled as deviant] and believing that label
Secondary Deviance
Forms of Social Sanction for Deviance
- Legal Sanction
- Stigmatization or Ostracization
- Preference for one behaviour over another
Social Perspective on Deviance
Functionalist Perspectives
Deviance results from the [strain of goals] incompatible with the available means of achieving them
Functionalist Perspective
Deviance is a natural growth of the values, norms, and the structure of society
Merton’s Strain Theory
Types of Deviance According to Strain Theory
- Conformist
- Innovation
- Ritualism
- Retreatism
- Rebellion
Accepts society’s goals and the socially acceptable means of
achieving them
Conformist
A response due to the strain generated by our culture’s emphasis on wealth and the lack of opportunities
Innovation
Rejects society’s goals but accepts society’s institutionalized means
Ritualism
Rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person in question “drop out”
Retreatism
Indulges in a “counterculture” that supports other social order
Rebellion
Accepts approved goals, pursues them through approved means
Conformist
Accepts approved goals, uses disapproved means
Innovation
Abandons society’s goals, conforms to approved means
Ritualism
Abandons approved goals and approved means
Retreatism
Challenges approved goals and approved means
Rebellion
Deviance is a result of competition and social inequality
Conflict Perspective
[People without power commit deviant acts to obtain economic rewards] or to improve their low self-esteem and stop feeling powerless.
Conflict Perspective
The ruling classes label as deviant any behavior that threatens their power
Conflict Perspective
Interaction among individuals influences deviance
Interactionist Perspective
Suggests that strong bonds make people conform to norms and refrain from deviance
Control Theory
Explains deviance as a natural occurrence
Control Theory
It is interested in why people conform rather than in the causes of deviance
Control Theory
Ways people develop bonds to their communities (Travis Hirchi)
- They form attachments with others
- They have a strong belief in society’s moral codes, accepting that some behavior is simply wrong
- They show commitment to traditional societal values and goals, such as getting a good education or job
- They are fully involved in nondeviant activities, leaving no time for deviant behavior
Theory proposes that deviance is a learned behavior
Cultural Transmission Theory
This is central to Cultural Transmission Theory
Socialization
It explains deviance as a behavior learned in much the same way that nondeviant behavior is learned through interaction with others
Cultural Transmission Theory
It focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant
Labelling Theory
It believes in the idea that all people commit defiant acts, yet not everyone is labeled as deviant
Labelling Theory
