Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level biology > M2 CH6: Cells > Flashcards

M2 CH6: Cells Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Outline what happens during G1 phase of the cell cycle. (3)

A
  • cell contents (except chromosomes) are duplicated.
  • proteins synthesised
  • CHECKP: chromosomes checked for damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Outline the purpose of G0 phase of the cell cycle and what cells are found here. (3)

A
  • cells with damaged DNA
  • apoptosis
  • e.g. neurones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outline what happens during S phase of the cell cycle. (3)

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • chromosomes duplicated
  • chromosomes become chromatids
  • CHECKP: chromosmes checked that they have been replicated correctly.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Outline what happens during G2 phase of the cell cycle. (3)

A
  • cell continues to grow
  • energy stores increase
  • CHECKP: DNA damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State the reasons for mitosis. (4)

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • production of stem cells
  • asexual reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

outline what happens during prophase (mitosis). (3)

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nuclear envelope and membrane breaks down
  • spindle fibres attatch to centromeres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

outline what happens during metaphase (mitosis). (2)

A
  • spindle fibres pull the chromosomes to the centre of the cell.
  • chromosomes line up along centre of the cell on the metaphase plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

outline what happens during anaphase (mitosis). (2)

A
  • centromeres divide
  • chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

outline what happens during telophase (mitosis). (2)

A
  • chromatids reach the poles and uncoil
  • nuclear envelope reforms around new sets of chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

outline the difference between mitosis and meiosis. (2)

A

mitosis: 2 genetically identical daughter cells produced
meiosis: 4 genetically different daughter cells produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

outline how the meiosis stages differ to mitosis (4)

A
  • prophase 1: crossing over, results in genetic variation
  • metaphase 1: independent assortment of chromosomes (occurs in metaphase 2 also) along the metaphase plate.
  • anaphase 1: chromosomes dont separate, DNA switched in prophase 1 is fused
  • telophase 1: chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain how cytokinesis differs between plants and animal cells. (3)

A
  • animal cells: cleavage furrow forms around the middle of the cell. the cell surface membrane is pulled inwards by the cytoskeleton.
  • plant cells: vesicles fuse in the centre and divide the membrane in half
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

state and explain how erythrocytes (RBCs) are adapted to their function. (3)

A
  • flattened biconcave shape: increases their surface area: volume ratio
  • no nuclei: more space to combine with oxygen and transport it around the body.
  • flexible: able to squeeze through narrow capillaries.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

state and explain how neutrophils (cells) are adapted to their function. (2)

A
  • multi lobed nucleus: can squeeze through small gaps to get to infection sites.
    -granular cytoplasm contains many lysosomes: contain enzymes that attack pathogens.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

state and explain how sperm cells are adapted to their function. (2)

A
  • flagellum containing many mitochondria: enables movement, mitochondria provides energy the sperm needs to swim
  • acrosome contains digestive enzyme: breakdown the protective layers around the ovum, allows the sperm to penetrate the cell and fertilise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

state where squamous epithelium tissue is found and explain how it is adapted to its function. (2)

A
  • forms lung lining
  • one cell thick: allows for rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood
17
Q

state and explain how ciliated epithelium tissue is adapted to its function. (2)

A
  • cilia hair structures: move in rhythmic motion, promotes sweeping of substances e.g. mucus
  • goblet cells: secrete mucus which traps particles, prevents them reaching lungs/alveoli (reduces risk as particles may be bacteria)
18
Q

state and explain how cartilage tissue is adapted to its function. (3)

A
  • contains elastin and collagen fibres
  • chondrocyte cells embedded in extracellular matrix.
  • prevents the ends of bones rubbing together and causing damage
19
Q

state and explain how muscle tissue is adapted to its function.

A
  • myosin and actin: sliding filament model, enables contraction of muscle
  • skeletal muscle: contains microfibrils which contain contractile proteins, skeletal muscle pump
20
Q

state and explain how palisade cells are adapted to their function. (4)

A
  • chloroplasts: enables a lot of light to be absorbed for photosynthesis.
  • square/box shaped: can be closely packed together to form continuous layer
  • thin cell walls: increases rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide
  • large vacuole: maintain the turgor pressure
21
Q

state and explain how root hair cells are adapted to their function. (2)

A
  • root “hairs”: increases surface area of cell, maximises water and mineral uptake
  • thin cellulose cell wall: easy osmosis
22
Q

state and explain how guard cells are adapted to their function (2)

A
  • pairs on leaf cells: open and closing mechanism
    when the plant loses too much water, they become less swollen, change shape and closes stomata to prevent any more water loss
23
Q

state and explain how xylem tissue are adapted to their function (2)

A
  • long hollow tubes of dead cells,
  • lignin in walls: strengthens walls and provides structural support
24
Q

state and explain how phloem tissue are adapted to their function. (3)

A
  • columns of sieve tube cells
  • perforated walls: sieve plates
  • helps with transport of assimilates to where they are needed
25
Q

explain what the term ‘potency’ means with regards to cells.

A

a cells ability to differentiate into different types of cells.

26
Q

explain the term totipotent and give an example of a cell. (2)

A

capable of differentiating into any cell type or a complete embryo.
e.g. zygote

27
Q

explain the term pluripotent and give an example of a cell. (2)

A

capable of differentiating into any tissue type but not a whole organism.
e.g. early embryos

28
Q

explain the term multipotent and give an example of a cell. (2)

A

capable of differentiating into a limited range of cell types.
e.g. haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

29
Q

state the sources of stem cells and what type of cell they are. (3)

A

embryonic: totipotent
adult: pluripotent
meristems: pluripotent

30
Q

state some uses of stem cells

A
  • type 1 diabetes
  • heart disease
  • parkinson’s
  • spinal injuries
31
Q

explain what the hayflick limit is.

A

the number of times a cell will divide before cell division stops. does not apply to stem cells.

A level biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions