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Medneuro - M2-1 - Neuropathophysiology > m2-1 - Quiz > Flashcards

m2-1 - Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following metabolites that can be detected with 1H in-vivo NMR-spectroscopy of the brain is considered as a neuronal marker that indicates intact neuronal tissue?

a. creatine (Cr)
b. lactate (Lac)
c. N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA)
d. choline-containing compounds (Cho)
e. myo-inositol (Ins)

A

c. N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA)

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2
Q

Which molecule(s) is/are not released from microglia in the context of neuroinflammation?

a. Chemokines
b. Nitric oxide
c. Cytokines
d. Growth factors
e. Angiotensin

A

e. Angiotensin

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3
Q

Which is not a typical symptom of encephalitis?

a. headache
b. neck stiffness
c. epileptic seizures
d. confusion
e. fever

A

b. neck stiffness

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4
Q

Consolidated periods of sleep and wakefulness are accomplished by…

a. the alteration of non-REM and REM sleep.
b. entrainment of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light-dark cycles.
c. rebound sleep after sleep deprivation.
d. opposing effects of circadian and homeostatic influences on sleep propensity.
e. a forced desynchrony protocols in a sleep lab.

A

d. opposing effects of circadian and homeostatic influences on sleep propensity.

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5
Q

NGF induced neurite outgrowth …
(Choose the correct completion of the above statement)

a. requires retrograde transport of NGF to the cell soma
b. is mediated by a local peripheral mechanism
c. depends on the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)
d. is reduced in Bax -/- mice
e. highly inhibitory for the growth of CNS axons

A

b. is mediated by a local peripheral mechanism

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6
Q

Which predominant frequency band is to be expected in the parieto-occipital region in the EEG of a healthy awake individual with eyes closed?

a. 19-30/s
b. 12.5-18/s
c. 8.5-12/s
d. 4.5-8/s
e. 0.5-4/s

A

c. 8.5-12/s

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7
Q

Spinal muscular atrophy

a. is an inherited disease of the first and second motor neuron
b. is an autosomal-dominant disease of the second motor neuron
c. is caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene
d. is caused by mutations in the SMN2 gene

A

c. is caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene

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8
Q

Which neurodegenerative disease is associated with a high prevalence of REM-sleep behavioral disorder?

a. Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
b. Dementia of Alzheimer type
c. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
d. progressive supranuclear palsy
e. spinal muscular atrophy

A

a. Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease

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9
Q

Neurotrophin-3 ….. (complete the sentence correctly)

a. is not required for the survival of placode derived sensory neurons
b. causes pain when injected locally in humans
c. activates signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of ERKs and PI3Kinase in neurons
d. is reduced in patients with an inherited insensitivity to pain
e. activates signal transduction pathways that inhibit synaptic plasticity

A

c. activates signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of ERKs and PI3Kinase in neurons

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10
Q

Which of the following statements is erroneous?

a. NK-cells expand clonally after stimulation with their specific antigen
b. T cells recognize only peptides presented by MHC molecules
c. MHC class I molecules present pathogenic antigens degraded in the cytosol
d. B cells recognize soluble antigens, independent on MHC-presentation
e. Innate immunity does not lead to immunological memory

A

a. NK-cells expand clonally after stimulation with their specific antigen

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11
Q

Which equation describes Poiseuille’s Equation correctly?

a. Vessel resistance (R) is inversely proportional to the length (L) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and directly proportional to the radius to the fourth power (r4).
b. Vessel resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length (L) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and inversely proportional to the radius to the fourth power (r4).
c. Vessel resistance (R) is directly proportional to the radius (r) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and inversely proportional to the length to the fourth power (L4).
d. Vessel resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length (L) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and inversely proportional to the radius to the fifth power (r5).
e. Vessel resistance (R) is directly proportional to the radius (r) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and inversely proportional to the length to the fifth power (L5).

A

b. Vessel resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length (L) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and inversely proportional to the radius to the fourth power (r4).

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12
Q

Which of the following neurotrophin ligand/receptor specificities is correct?

a. trkC-NT-3, trkA-BDNF, trkB-NT-4 and NT-3, p75-all neurotrophins
b. trkA-NGF, trkC-NT-3, trkB-NT-4 and BDNF, p75 all neurotrophins
c. trkB-BDNF and NGF, trkA-NT-3, trkB-NT-4, p75-BDNF and NGF
d. TrkA p75 NGF, trkC-p75 NT-3, trkB-p75 BDNF, trkB-NT-4
e. trkB-NT-4 and BDNF, trkC-NT3 and NGF with higher affinity, trkA-NGF, p75-NGF only

A

b. trkA-NGF, trkC-NT-3, trkB-NT-4 and BDNF, p75 all neurotrophins

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13
Q

Which component is NOT primarily involved in the induction of the acute host response in bacterial meningitis?

a. Mast Cells
b. Granulocytes
c. Brain microvascular endothelial cells
d. CD4+ T-Lymphocytes
e. Brain perivascular macrophages

A

d. CD4+ T-Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Which of the following diseases is not considered as an autoimmune disease?

a. Myasthenia gravis
b. Parkinson´s disease
c. Systematic lupus erythematodes
d. Multiple sclerosis
e. Rheumatoide arthritis

A

b. Parkinson´s disease

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is usually drastically reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with narcolepsy type 1 (narcolepsy with cataplexy)?

a. serotonin
b. noradrenalin
c. dopamine
d. orexin
e. histamine

A

d. orexin

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16
Q

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)

  • can be induced in recipient mice by transferring virus-infected immune cells
  • is an autoimmune disease
  • can be induced in recipient mice by transferring myelin-specific T cells
  • is an animal model for bacterial inflammation of the brain
  • is an animal model for Multiple Sclerosis
A
  • is an autoimmune disease
  • can be induced in recipient mice by transferring myelin-specific T cells
  • is an animal model for Multiple Sclerosis
17
Q

From which tissue was nerve growth factor originally purified?

a. Mouse spinal cord
b. embryonic chicken legs
c. phaeochromacytoma cells
d. bovine brain
e. male mouse salivary glands (submandibular glands)

A

e. male mouse salivary glands (submandibular glands)

18
Q

The assumption that CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in MS is supported by:
(more than one answer is correct)

  • Association of MS with certain MHC-class I haplotypes
  • Association of MS with certain MHC-class II haplotypes
  • Induction of EAE in naïve animals by transfer of myelin antigen-specific CD4+ T cells
  • Induction of EAE in naïve animals by depleting myelin antigen-specific CD8+ T cells
  • Association of MS with a particular Th1 phenotype
A
  • Association of MS with certain MHC-class II haplotypes
  • Induction of EAE in naïve animals by transfer of myelin antigen-specific CD4+ T cells
  • Association of MS with a particular Th1 phenotype+ T cells
19
Q

In juxtacrine signaling, the signaling target(s) of the signal producing cell is/are:

a. The same cell as the signal producing cell
b. The adjacent cells
c. Distant cells
d. Distant neurons
e. None of the answers mentioned is correct

A

b. The adjacent cells

20
Q

What is not a correct escape or attack strategy of pathogens that infect the brain?

a. Neisseria bacteria express a protein (factor H binding protein) that also binds factor H, mimicking body cells and preventing any attack from the innate immune system.
b. Rabies virus enter into the CNS without triggering apoptosis of the infected neurons and preserving the integrity of neurites.
c. HIV infects the brain via migration of infected monocytes which differentiate into perivascular macrophage.
d. Herpes simplex Virus 1 hijacks migratory memory CD4+ T cells to invade the brain, which is also referred to as the “Trojan horse strategy” of HSV1.
e. JC-Virus uses the immunosuppressive state caused by natalizumab, rituximab or efalizumab to infect the brain.

A

d. Herpes simplex Virus 1 hijacks migratory memory CD4+ T cells to invade the brain, which is also referred to as the “Trojan horse strategy” of HSV1.

21
Q

The most important antigen-presenting cells in the CNS are

a. Astrocytes
b. Oligodendrocytes
c. Neurons
d. Microglia
e. Endothelial cells

A

d. Microglia

22
Q

Which of the following is not an infectious disease of the central nervous system?

a. Herpes encephalitis
b. Neurosyphilis
c. Progressive multifocal leukencephalopathis (PML)
d. Multiple Sclerosis
e. Rabies

A

d. Multiple Sclerosis

23
Q

Which of the following statements is not correct?

a. Experimental evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of epilepsy
b. Marked blood-brain barrier disruption is observed as early as three hours after ischemic stroke
c. Endothelial cells play a critical role in the regulation of vasodilation and vasoconstriction of resistance vessels
d. Endothelial cells play an important role in the formation of new blood vessels
e. One of the main mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction is the diminishing of nitric oxide, often due to high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, which interfere with the normal L-arginine-stimulated nitric oxide synthesis

A

b. Marked blood-brain barrier disruption is observed as early as three hours after ischemic stroke

24
Q 
Which statement(s) about circadian behaviour is (are) correct?
(There might be more than one answer correct)
  • When kept in a light-dark schedule, rats synchronize their activity with the light, but they are constantly active when transferred into constant darkness.
  • Transplanted paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus restore behavioural rhythmicity in lesioned hamsters.
  • The suprachiasmatic nuclei control rhythmic oscillations in locomotor activity, the sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels, metabolism, and food intake.
  • Disruption of the suprachiasmatic nuclei results in arrhythmic behaviour in constant conditions.
  • Cultured suprachiasmatic nuclei lose rhythmicity immediately after explantation.
A
  • Transplanted paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus restore behavioural rhythmicity in lesioned hamsters.
  • The suprachiasmatic nuclei control rhythmic oscillations in locomotor activity, the sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels, metabolism, and food intake.
  • Disruption of the suprachiasmatic nuclei results in arrhythmic behaviour in constant conditions.
25
Q

During REM sleep the electromyogram shows

a. high-amplitude delta waves
b. complete inhibition of muscle tone
c. rapid eye movements
d. heavy dreaming
e. sleep spindles and K-complexes

A

b. complete inhibition of muscle tone

26
Q

Human chronotype is not determined by

a. cardiac period
b. sleep duration
c. Zeitgeber strength
d. Age
e. Gender

A

b. sleep duration

27
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?
(more than one answer might be correct)

  • Spreading depolarization occurs in migraine, stroke and status epilepticus
  • Spreading depolarization is a wave in the brain’s white matter propagating at a rate of ~3mm/min
  • The energy demand of the brain is reduced during spreading depolarization
  • Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow
  • The ionic changes during epileptic seizure activity are larger than during spreading depolarization
A
  • Spreading depolarization occurs in migraine, stroke and status epilepticus
  • Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow
28
Q

Which sleep stage is represented in the following polysomnological recording (10 sec)?

a. N1
b. N2
c. N3
d. REM

A

d. REM

29
Q

Which of the following statements is not correct? (only one answer is not correct)

a. Regional cerebral blood flow increases in response to functional activation under physiological conditions
b. Regional cerebral blood flow decreases in response to hypocapnea under physiological conditions
c. Regional cerebral blood flow decreases in response to spreading depolarization under physiological conditions
d. Regional cerebral blood flow increases in response to high-frequency electrical stimulation of the brain tissue under physiological conditions
e. Cerebral blood flow decreases under barbiturate anesthesia

A

c. Regional cerebral blood flow decreases in response to spreading depolarization under physiological conditions

30
Q

Please mark the correct answers to the following sentence (there might be more than one correct answer).
The assumption that CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in MS is supported by:

  • association of MS with certain MHC-class I haplotypes
  • association of MS with certain MHC-class II haplotypes
  • induction of EAE in naive animals by transfer of myelin antigen-specific CD4+ T cells
  • induction of EAE in naive animals by depleting myelin antigen-specific CD8+ T cells
  • association of MS with a particular Th phenotype
A
  • association of MS with certain MHC-class II haplotypes
  • induction of EAE in naive animals by transfer of myelin antigen-specific CD4+ T cells
  • association of MS with a particular Th phenotype
31
Q

Where is the circadian master pacemaker in mammals located?

a. In the reticular formation
b. In light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells
c. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
d. In the vetrolateral preoptic nucleus
e. In the pineal gland

A

c. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

32
Q

In which types of internal models are sensomotoric transformations organized?

a. Feed-back models
b. Forward/inverse models
c. Oblique models
d. Kinematic models

A

b. Forward/inverse models

33
Q

Match cortisol to its role:

a. Increased protein synthesis; increased cell respiration
b. Protein synthesis in muscles; decreased glucose utilization
c. Protein catabolism in muscles; gluconeogenesis in liver
d. Fall in blood glucose; increased fat synthesis

A

c. Protein catabolism in muscles; gluconeogenesis in liver

34
Q

How many percent of the total body oxygen consumption is attributable to brain energy metabolism?

a. 2%
b. 10%
c. 20%
d. 50%
e. 75%

A

c. 20%

35
Q

Which of the following statements is wrong?

a. Circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators.
b. The circadian period is temperature-compensated.
c. Molecular circadian rhythms are generated by a gene-regulatory flip-flop switch.
d. Circadian clocks in mammals are entrained by light-dark cycles.
e. Liver cells contain a circadian clock.

A

c. Molecular circadian rhythms are generated by a gene-regulatory flip-flop switch.

36
Q

Which of the following statements are correct?

a. Spreading depolarization does not occur after cardiocirculatory arrest
b. Spreading depolarization is a wave in the brain’s white matter propagating at a rate of ~3mm/min
c. The energy demand of the brain is reduced during spreading depolarization
d. Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow
e. The ionic changes during epileptic seizure activity are larger than during spreading depolarization

A

d. Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow

Medneuro - M2-1 - Neuropathophysiology (8 decks)

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