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Medneuro - M2-1 - Neuropathophysiology > Infante - Immune response > Flashcards

Infante - Immune response Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the immune system?

A

to protect against pathogens (against infections) and against tumors (fight transformed cells)

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2
Q

What is immunity?

A

the ability to resist an infection caused by intra- and extracellular bacteria, parasites, viruses, or fungi

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3
Q 
The immune system is composed of:
- molecules
- cells
- organs/tissues.
What belongs to each of these categories?
A

Molecules include: antibodies, complement, cytokines
Cells: lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes
organs/tissues: bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen…

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4
Q

Primary lymphoid organs are…

A

where immune cells are produces

- bone marrow and thymus

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5
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs are…

A

sites of lymphocyte activation
-spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal assoc lymphoid tissue: ex. gut assoc lymph tissue - tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches

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6
Q

which of the following cells are involved in Natural/innate immunity?

A. Natural Killer cells
B. Basophils
C. Dendritic cells
D. Mast cells
E. B lymphocytes
F. T lymphocytes
A

A. Natural Killer cells
B. Basophils
C. Dendritic cells
D. Mast cells

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7
Q

which of the following cells are involved in Specific/adaptive immunity?

A. Natural Killer cells
B. Basophils
C. Dendritic cells
D. Mast cells
E. B lymphocytes
F. T lymphocytes
A

E. B lymphocytes

F. T lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are the features of Natural/innate immunity?

A
  • cells have receptors with broad specificity
  • cells recognize PAMPs - pathogen assoc molecular patterns
  • not able to expand/proliferate
  • immediate response
  • do not lead to immunological memory
  • pathogen receptors are encoded in the germline - PRR - pattern recognition receptors
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9
Q

What are the features of acquired/specific immunity?

A
  • cells have receptors with narrow specificity
  • pathogen recognized by receptors generated randomly: B-cell (BCR) and T-cell (TCR) receptors
  • able to expand/proliferate
  • slow (3-5 day) response
  • leads to immunological memory
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10
Q

Why do we need Humoral immunity (B-cells)?

A
  • are able to generate antibodies

- can bind to pathogens in an extracellular way

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11
Q

Why do we need Cell mediated immunity (T-cells)?

A
  • need T-cells to attack intracellular microbes within an infected cell
  • need cytotoxic T-cells to kill cells that have been infected intracellularly
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12
Q

What are PAMPS?

pathogen assoc molecular pattern molecules

A
  • recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

- bearing cells of the innate immune response as well as many epithelial cells

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13
Q

What are DAMPS?

damage assoc molecular pattern molecules

A

-cells derived and initiate and perpetuate immunity in response to trauma, ischemia, and tissue damage

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14
Q

How are lymphocytes activated?

A

1st signal - antigen recognition
2nd signal - interaction with other cells
–> for T-cells - 2nd signal comes from APC (antigen presenting cell)
–> for B-cells - 2nd signal comes from TFh cells

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15
Q

MHC class II molecules are…

A

expressed principally on Antigen Presenting Cells, and present engulfed pathogens to Th cells

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16
Q

MCD II restricted means…

A

that T cells are only able to recognize antigens that are presented by MHC class II

17
Q

MHC class I molecules are…

A

expressed on all nucleated cells, present pathogens of the cytosol (virus and other intracellular pathogens) to cytotoxic T cells

18
Q

Health or disease is a balance between:
-pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents, as well as between - effector and regulatory agents

A. true
B. false

A

A. true

19
Q

What does ‘Immune Privilege’ mean?

A
  1. tissue grafts can survive for extended periods of time
  2. essential for damage restriction during inflammation in the CNS
  3. is maintained by:
    - the low expression levels of MHC class I and II
    - the presence of the BBB
20
Q

What was immune privilege found to be not maintained by?

A
  • the lack of a specialized lymphatic drainage

- the absence of dendritic cells

21
Q

There are several routes of leukocyte entry into the brain:

  • brain parenchyma
  • glia limitans
  • perivascular space (containing CSF)
  • parenchymal venule

What additional route of entry was discovered in 2010?

A

the choroid plexus

-via tight junctions and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB)

22
Q

There are 3 sites of immune cell entry into the CNS. What are they?

A
  1. through the choroid plexus
  2. through the perivascular or Virchow-Robin space
  3. through postcapillary venules (classical way, via BBB)
23
Q

How do leukocytes and antigens leave the CNS?

- how do lymphocytes circulate in the healthy CNS?

A

via the:

  • ciribiform plate -olfactory bulb. Moves the cell from CSF –> lymphatics
  • and Arachnoid granulations. Moves cells from CSF –> blood circulation
24
Q

What is the role of the meningeal lymphatics?

A
  • enable the drainage of macromolecules and immune cells in the CSF to reach the deep cervical lymph node fluid –> sinuses
  • role of specialized lymphatic drainage
25
Q

From an immune perspective, pathology can be seen as:

A

an imbalance between pro vs. anti-inflammatory

an imbalance between neurotoxic vs. neurotrophic

26
Q

Immune surveillance…

A
  • is necessary in the CNS against infection and injury

- performed by T-cells

27
Q

What are the 3 barriers that provide sites of Leukocyte entry into the CNS?

A
  1. blood-meningeal barrier (BMB)
  2. blood CSF barrier (BCSFB)
  3. blood brain barrier (BBB)
28
Q

Lymphocytes do not interact with glia cells

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

29
Q

How do Lymphocytes interact with neurons?

A
  • via soluble factors (eg. cytokines)

- via MHC independent mechanisms

30
Q

What is known about Myasthenia gravis (MG)?

A
  • it is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder
  • affects women aged 20-40
  • it affects the neuromuscular junction
  • target antigen is known (anti-Musk)
31
Q

What is known about Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)?

A
  • it is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder that affects peripheral neurons
  • low prevalence
  • target antigen is partly known
  • etiology is partly described
32
Q

What is known about Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A
  • it is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS (assumed to be CD4+ T cell mediated)
  • onset between 20-40 years
  • females 2x affected
  • immune cells have to pass the BBB
  • target antigen unknown
  • etiology unclear
  • animal model is Experimental Autoimmune Encephalo-myelitis (EAE)
33
Q

Which of the following diseases are antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders? (more than one may be correct)

A. Myasthenia gravis (MG)
B.Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
C. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

A. Myasthenia gravis (MG)

B.Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

34
Q

What are the two types of T Lymphocytes?

A
  • Helper T cells

- Cytotoxic T cells

35
Q

What is a Helper T cell? (Function and phenotypic markers?)

A

Function:

  • stimuli for B cell growth and differentiation
  • Macrophage activation
  • stimuli for eosinophils
  • MHC class II restricted

Phenotypic markers:
-CD3+ CD4+ CD8-

36
Q

What is a Cytotoxic T cell? (Function and phenotypic markers?)

A

Function:

  • lysis of virus infected cells, tumor cells, allografts
  • macrophage activation
  • MHC class I restricted

Phenotypic markers:
-CD3+ CD4- CD8+

Medneuro - M2-1 - Neuropathophysiology (8 decks)

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