M1U1: RENAL ANATOMY

Question 1

Epithelium found in the PCT ?

Answer 1

simple cuboidal to low columnar

Question 2

Epithelium found in thin ascending and descending limb of the LOH ?

Answer 2

simple squamous

Question 3

Epithelium found in the thick ascending limb of LOH ?

Answer 3

simple columnar to low columnar

Question 4

Epithelium found in the DCT ?

Answer 4

simple cuboidal

Question 5

Epithelium found in the convoluted ducts ?

Answer 5

simple cuboidal

Question 6

what is the reason for the difference between the thin ascending limb and thin descending limb of the LOH ?

Answer 6

differs in permeability

due to lack of interdigitation between epithelial cells along the descending limb

Question 7

What is the role of principal cells in the colldcting dutc cells ?

Answer 7

receptors for the anti-diuretic hormone and aldosterone

Question 8

What is the role of intercalated cells in the collecting duct cells ?

Answer 8

they are involved in the regulation of blood pH

Question 9

What is the renal tubule comprised of ?

Answer 9

PCT, LOH, and DCT

Question 10

What is the pathway of blood in the kidney up until the afferent arteriole ?

Answer 10

Renal -> Segmental -> Interlobar -> Arcuate -> Interlobular -> Afferent arteriole

Question 11

In an adult, what is the normal rate of blood passing through the kidney ?

Answer 11

1200 mL/min

600ml/min/kidney

Question 12

Trace the pathway of urine production by the kidneys

Answer 12

Glomerulues -> PCT -> Descending LOH -> Ascending LOH -> DCT -> Collecting Ducts -> Bowman’s Capsule -> Renal Papillae -> Minor Calyx -> Major Calyx -> Renal Pelvis -> Ureter -> Urinary Bladder -> Urethra -> Urethral Orifice

Question 13

What is the purpose of the urinary system ?

Answer 13

Disposal of wastes
Regulate blood composition, pH, volume, and pressure
Maintain blood osmolarity
Produce hormones

Question 14

Where is the kidney located ?

Answer 14

Retroperitoneally (behind the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity)

Question 15

What is the characteristic indentation found at the concave side of the kidneys ?

Answer 15

Renal hilum

Question 16

Identify the characteristics of the renal fascia ?

Answer 16

superficial layer

dense irregular connective tissue (anchoring the kidneys to the surrounding organs)

Question 17

Identify the characteristics of the adipose capsule ?

Answer 17

below the renal fascia
fatty tissue (protects the kidneys)

Question 18

Identify the characteristics of the renal capsule ?

Answer 18

dense irregular tissue (maintains the shape of the kidney)

Question 19

What is the portion of the renal cortex that extends into the renal medulla ?

Answer 19

Renal columns

Question 20

The renal columns divide the medulla into ___

Answer 20

renal pyramids

Question 21

What anatomical structures are grouped into the renal lobe ?

Answer 21

renal pyramid
overlying renal cortex
half of the adjacent renal column

Question 22

Differentiate the characteristics of renal cortex and renal medulla ?

Answer 22

Renal cortex: light red, granular appearance, superficial layer

Renal medulla: dark red, inner layer

Question 23

What is the exclusive site for plasma filtration ?

Answer 23

Renal cortex

Question 24

What is the functional portion of the kidney comprised of the renal cortex and renal medulla only ?

Answer 24

Renal parenchyma

Question 25

What is comprised of the majority of nephrons that facilitate urine formation ?

Answer 25

Cortical nephrons

Question 26

Differentiate cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 26

Cortical nephrons:

• renal cortex
• primarily remove waste and reabsorb nutrients
• the peritubular capillaries wrap around the tubules entirely

Juxtamedullary nephrons:

• closer to the medulla]
• concentrates urine
• longer loop of henle
• peritubular capillaries divide into a vasa rectas

Question 27

What are the 3 regions nephron is divided into ?

Answer 27

renal corpuscle
renal tubule
collecting duct

Question 28

The renal corpuscle is comprised of ____ and ___

Answer 28

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Question 29

Characteristics of Mesangial cells

Answer 29

• contractile (capable of removing entrapped
  macromolecules in the filtration barrier via phagocytosis and pinocytosis)
• contractility contributes in controlling blood flow in the glomerulus

Question 30

Characteristics of Fenestrated capillaries

Answer 30

• large open pores

- negatively charged coating (confers solute selectivity during filtration)

Question 31

Characteristics of Podocytes

Answer 31

• foot-like structures
• filter slits (finger-like projections that cover the glomerular capillaries)\
• slit diaphragm (filters albumin from the plasma)
• phagocytosis of macromolecules

Question 32

What are the three layers of the basement membrane in the renal corpuscle ?

Answer 32

lamina rara, lamina densa, and lamina rara externa

Question 33

What is the role of the three layer basement membrane ?

Answer 33

contribute specifically to the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier due to heparan sulfate that confers a negative change in the structure

Question 34

What is the regulatory hormone released by the juxtaglomerular cells ?

Answer 34

Renin

Question 35

What does the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus do ?

Answer 35

detects and responds to changes in glomerular pressure

Question 36

how does angiotensin II regulate blood flow ?

Answer 36

dilating the afferent arterioles and constricting the efferent arterioles

Question 37

Where does major exchanges of water and salts take place ?

Answer 37

Loop of Henle

Question 38

What is the reason for varying sizes of arterioles ?

Answer 38

Help create the hydrostatic pressure important for glomerular filtration and maintain consistency of glomerular capillary pressure and renal blood flow within the glomerulus