M1S1 Business System Concepts Flashcards
is a systematic process that includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance.
System Development
What are the two major components of System Development?
System Analysis
System Design
This refers to examining a business situation to improve it through better procedures and methods.
System Analysis and Design
Planning a new business system or one to replace or complement an existing system.
System Design
Examining a business situation to improve it through better procedures and methods.
System Analysis
A component of system development that falls under the responsibility of the systems analyst.
System Analysis
any set of components functioning in an interrelated manner for a common cause or objective.
System
orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
System
signifies an organized relationship among functioning units or components.
System
What are the Three Basic Implications of the study of systems concepts?
- A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective
- Interrelationships and interdependence must exist among the components.
- The objectives of the organization as a whole have a higher priority than the objectives of its subsystems.
An orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together to achieve a specific objective.
System
Five Characteristics of a System
O I I I CO
Organization
Interaction
Interdependence
Integration
Central Objective
It implies structure and order.
Organization
A computer system revolves around input, processing, output, and storage units. Together, they work as one to produce information.
Organization
Refers to the arrangement of components aimed at achieving objectives.
Organization
This means that parts of the organization or computer system depend on one another. They are coordinated and linked together according to a plan
Interdependence
refers to how each component functions with other components of the system.
Interaction
parts of the system work together within the system even though each part performs a unique function.
Integration
refers to the holism of systems.
Integration
In a business system, hierarchical relationships, starting with the president at the top and extending downward to blue-collar workers, represent the _________________.
organizational structure
follows analysis to achieve the central objective of the organization.
Synthesis
is concerned with how a system is tied together more than sharing a physical part or location;
Integration
A product of a successful integration
synergistic effect
Produced a greater total impact than if each component works separately
Integration
The last characteristic of a system can be real or stated, the user must know this for a successful design and conversion.
Central Objective
Elements of a System
Input
Processor
Output
Feedback
Control
Environment
Boundaries and Interfaces
What is the primary objective of a system?
A primary objective of a system is to generate an output that holds value for its user.
The elements that enter the system for processing.
Input
Responsible for the actual transformation of input into output.
Processor
Represents the outcomes of processing
Output
operational core of the system
Processor
may wholly or partially modify the input based on output specifications.
Processors
Guides the system as the decision-making subsystem that directs the sequence of activities involving input, processing, and output
Control
regulates how much and what kind of data enters the system to maintain stability based on desired outputs.
Control
Four Types of Feedback
Positive
Negative
Routing
Informational
Measures output against standards and influences system behavior.
Feedback
External context within which the system operates.
Environment
reinforces the performance of the system.
Positive feedback
generally provides the controller with information for action.
Negative feedback
The “suprasystem” within which an organization operates
Environment
often determines how a system must function
Environment
Limits of the system’s influence and its interaction with other systems.
Boundaries and Interface
Three Types of Systems
Physical or Abstract Systems
Open or Close Systems
Man-Made Information Systems
Tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in operation.
Physical or Abstract Systems
Non-physical formulas, representations, or models of a real system.
Abstract/Conceptual
Can be static like computer parts and dynamic like programs/applications
Physical/Tangible
are tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in operation.
Physical systems
Data, programs, output, and applications change as the user’s demands or the priority of the information requested changes;
Dynamic system
the physical parts of the computer center are the desks, and chairs that facilitate the operation of the computer.
Static
interacts with its environment, receiving inputs and delivering outputs.
open system
isolated from external influences. However, completely closed systems are rare.
closed system
Five Characteristics of an Open System
IPEDE
Input from outside
Process, output, and cycle
Entropy
Differentiation
Equi-finality
An information system serves as the interface between the user and the analyst, offering instructions, commands, and feedback.
Man-Made Information Systems
It defines the relationships among decision-makers and functions as a decision center for personnel at all levels.
Man-Made Information Systems
can be described as a collection of devices, procedures, and operating systems tailored to user-based criteria, aiming to generate information and convey it to the user for planning, control, and performance.
information system
A system that manages personnel decisions.
Man-Made Information Systems
A system that is concerned with the pattern of authority, communication, and workflow
Formal Information System
A system of employee communication outside of official channels that helps colleagues solve problems and share information.
Informal Information System
A system that relies on the computer for handling business applications
Computer – Based Information System
A system used to perform and record business transactions.
Transaction Processing Systems
A system used to perform and record business transactions.
Management Information Systems
Organizes business transactions, processes transaction data and generates reports
Transaction Processing Systems
Payroll systems,airline reservation systems.
TPS
University’s student information system is a typical
MIS
Offers comprehensive information, database usage for centralized data storage with interconnected data and shared access
Management Information Systems
A system that supports problem-specific decision-making
Decision Support System
Bank Loan Management System
DSS
A system that uses the same approach as DSS for managers, but is more focused on supporting executives decision-making.
Executive Support System
Sales Forecast Support System
ESS
Organizational Chart
Formal Information System
A representation of a real system.
Models
make it easier for the analyst to visualize relationships in the system under study.
Models
Help us analyze how the system works before we design its functions.
System Models
Types of System Models
schematic
flow
static
Is a two-dimensional chart depicting system elements and their linkages.
schematic model
Use different arrows to depict information flow, material flow, and information feedback.
schematic model
Use box to depict various elements of the system.
schematic model
illustrates the flow of material, energy, and information that bind the system together. These models exhibit an orderly flow of logic.
flow system model
PERT
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique).
example of a flow system model
PERT
Characterized by a pair of relationships.
static system model
a project management tool that visually shows a project schedule over time
GANTT Chart
example of static system model
GANTT Chart
Categories of Information
Strategic Information
Tactical or Managerial Information
Operational Information
Information needed by the top level management (BOD,CEO,VP etc) to carry out long term strategic planning.
Strategic Information
Information needed by the middle level management (managers) to carry out the goals set by the top level management
Tactical or Managerial Information
Information needed by the lower level management (line workers) to carry out day-to-day operations.
Operational Information
Used by the top-level Management for long-term planning
Strategic Information
Used by Middle-Level Management for short-term planning
Tactical or Managerial Information
Used by Lower-level management day-to-day Operations
Operational Information
Used by executives for strategic decision
EIS
Used by executives senior managers for decision making
DSS
Used by managers for operational efficiency
MIS
Used by workers for basic reporting and day to day transactions
TPS
emphasizes decision-making in problem situations, not information processing, retrieval, or reporting.
Decision
requires computer-aided decision situations with enough “structure” to permit computer support.
Support
accentuates the integrated nature of problem-solving, suggesting a combined “man”, machine, and decision environment.
System
TPS is _____________ and MIS for ____________
Transactional Reporting
Helps an organization DO THINGS RIGHT
MIS
Helps a managers DO THE RIGHT THING
DSS
Open systems are self-adjusting and self-regulating.
Input from outside:
All dynamic systems tend to degrade over time over time/overload, resulting in entropy or loss of energy.
Entropy
Open systems operate in cycles, following a continuous flow path.
Process, output, and cycles
Open systems tend to specialize functions and differentiate their components over time.
Differentiation
Goals are achieved through different courses of action and paths within open systems.
Equi-finality
