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M104 T3 > M104 T3 L5 > Flashcards

M104 T3 L5 Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Ribs 11 & 12
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Ilia

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2
Q

What muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Diaphragm
Quadratus Lumborum
Psoas Major & minor
Iliacus

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3
Q

Where is the diaphragm attached?

A

the costal margin and vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the diaphragm made up of?

A

a combination of skeletal muscle and the central tendon

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5
Q

What three hiatuses are in the diaphragm?

A

T8, T10 & T12

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6
Q

What structures do the three hiatuses in the diaphragm allow to pass through?

A

the IVC, oesophagus and aorta

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7
Q

What is the diaphragm supplied by?

A

the superior and inferior phrenic vessels

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8
Q

What is the motor aspect of the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Phrenic - C3-5

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9
Q

What is the sensory aspect of the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Intercostal (T5-11) & Subcostal (T12)

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10
Q

Which structure passes through the diaphragmatic hiatus at T8?

A

the IVC

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11
Q

Which structure passes through the diaphragmatic hiatus at T10?

A

oesophagus

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12
Q

Which structure passes through the diaphragmatic hiatus at T12?

A

aorta

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13
Q

What mneumonic is used for the vertebral levels that structures that pass through in the diaphragm?

A

I ate ten eggs at twelve with Voices Of America

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14
Q

What does the mneumonic (I ate ten eggs at twelve with Voices Of America) stand for?

A 
I	8	(V)		[T8 - Inferior Vena Cava]							
E	10	(O)		[T10 - Oesophagus]									
A	12	(A)		[T12 - Aorta]
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15
Q

Where is the Quadratus Lumborum located?

A

posterior to the kidneys

extends from iliac crest to Rib 12

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16
Q

Where is the Quadratus Lumborum attached?

A

the transversus abdominis muscle, laterally

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17
Q

What is the role of the Quadratus Lumborum muscle?

A

to provide abdominal stability and cause lateral flexion

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18
Q

What is the neurovascular supply of the Quadratus Lumborum muscle?

A

blood - Lumbar vessels

nerves - Lumbar (T12-L4)

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19
Q

What are the origins of the Psoas muscles?

A

the lumbar vertebrae

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20
Q

What are the origins of the Iliacus?

A

the iliac fossa

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21
Q

What muscles make up the Iliopsoas?

A

the Psoas major and minor muscles

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22
Q

Where do the Psoas muscles and the Iliacus insert?

A

the lesser trochanter femur

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23
Q

What are the roles of the Psoas muscles and the Iliacus?

A

hip flexors

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24
Q

What is the neurovascular supply of the Psoas muscles and the Iliacus?

A

blood - Lumbar vessels

nerves - Femoral (L2 - L4)

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25
At what point does the aorta enter the abdomen?
at T12
26
At what point does the IVC enter the abdomen?
at T8
27
What is the role of the IVC and of the aorta?
to provide and drain blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs
28
What are the three categories of aorta branches in the abdomen?
Midline Parietal Visceral
29
What are the branches of the aorta in the Midline category?
coeliac (T12) sup. mesenteric (L1) inf. mesenteric (L3)
30
What is the branche of the aorta in the Parietal category?
Lumbar
31
What are the branches of the aorta in the Visceral category?
Renal and gonadal (L2)
32
Where do the branches of the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac vessels?
at L4/5
33
Above what size is an abdominal aortic aneurysm considered at significant risk of rupture?
above 5.5cm
34
What does the somatic abdominal innervation cover?
Voluntary movement via skeletal muscle Abdominal wall, intercostal, vertebral and intervertebral musculature Sensation and skin
35
What does the Autonomic abdominal innervation cover?
Unconscious control Blood vessels, sweat glands Abdominal organs (digestive tract to control peristalsis etc.) Smooth muscle
36
What is the somatic abdominal innervation from the nerve plexuses?
Lumbar plexus | Sacral plexus
37
What is a nerve plexus made up of?
afferent and efferent fibers that arise from the merging of the anterior rami of spinal nerves and blood vessels
38
What is the Autonomic abdominal innervation from the nerve plexuses?
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions | Splanchnic nerves for organs
39
What is the role of Splanchnic nerves in abdominal innervation?
innervate organs - the adrenal glands and kidneys
40
What do Splanchnic nerves synapse to?
postganglionic neurones at the prevertebral ganglia
41
Where are the Prevertebral Ganglia located?
anterior to the vertebral column and aorta
42
Where do the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves synapse at?
the coeliac and aorticorenal ganglion
43
What structure is innervated by the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves?
the suprarenal glands
44
Which splanchnic nerve innervates the kidneys?
Least S.N
45
What are features of somatic abdominal pain?
Well localised, sharp or stabbing
46
What are features of visceral abdominal pain?
Poorly localised, dull ache or throbbing
47
What is visceral abdominal pain caused by?
stretching, ischaemia or chemical damage
48
In what structures is somatic abdominal pain felt?
skin, muscle, fascia and parietal peritoneum
49
What are the clinically significant origins of referred pain? (SAG)
Stomach Appendix Gallbladder
50
In what dermatomes is referred pain from the stomach felt?
in the skin of dermatomes T5-9
51
In what dermatomes is referred pain from the appendix felt?
T10 (umbilicus)
52
In what dermatomes is referred pain from the gallbladder felt?
T7-9
53
In what dermatomes is referred pain from the gallbladder (with parietal peritoneum involvement) felt?
C3,4
54
What causes a haemorrhage?
when an aneurysm bursts
55
Where would you feel referred pain from the diaphragm?
the shoulder
56
What is the primary function of mesangial cells?
to remove trapped residues and aggregated protein from the basement membrane this keeps the filter free of debris
57
What are the side effects of sotagliflozin?
genital infection diabetic ketoacidosis diarrhoea
58
What is the pathological effect of ketoacidosis?
changes in blood pH and requires medical attention
59
What is the most common type of ketoacidosis?
diabetic ketoacidosis
60
What are the causes of ketoacidosis?
``` diabetes (most common) medications alcohol toxins starvation (rare) ```
61
What are the most common symptoms of ketoacidosis?
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weakness
62
What does Kussmaul breathing indicate?
that the body or organs have become too acidic
63
What is Kussmaul breathing caused by?
an attempt to expel co2 from the body and reduce ketoacidosis
64
What are some less common symptoms of ketoacidosis?
Kussmaul breathing breath may develop the smell of acetone altered mental status
65
What type of ketoacidosis is an altered mental status more common in?
diabetic ketoacidosis rather than alcoholic ketoacidosis
66
What might diabetic ketoacidosis be caused by?
the body is running out of insulin, resulting in the build up of ketones (harmful) in the body, which can be life-threatening if it's not found and treated quickly
67
What does a small amount of ketones in urine indicate?
that the body is breaking down fat. However, high levels of ketones can poison the body, leading to a condition called ketoacidosis.
68
What does ketonuria indicate?
can be dangerous and needs monitoring in people with diabetes who are prone to high blood glucose levels tend to be produced as a result of insufficient insulin in the body and therefore people with type 1 diabetes, in particular, are at a greater risk of ketonuria
69
Is ketosis dangerous?
depends type 1 diabetics need to be careful but it can be beneficial for a number of people
70
Is ketosis dangerous?
depends type 1 diabetics need to be careful but it can be beneficial for a number of people
71
What cells release atrial natriuretic peptide hormone?
atrial myocytes | synthesized, stored, and released
72
What is atrial natriuretic peptide hormone released in response to?
atrial distension angiotensin II symp NS stimulation
73
What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide? (ANP) acts acutely by at least 3 mechanisms:
to reduce plasma volume
74
What three mechanisms are increased by atrial natriuretic peptide IOT reduce plasma volume?
renal excretion of salt and water vasodilation vascular permeability

M104 T3 (6 decks)

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