M104 T3 L2

Question 1

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Excretion

Elimination

Question 2

What are the essential functions of the kidneys?

Answer 2

excreting endogenous waste products
excreting drugs and their metabolites
balancing water and electrolyte levels
maintaining the acid-base balance
the production of hormones

Question 3

What happens to the essential functions of the kidneys during kidney failure?

Answer 3

reduced renal excretory function
reduced renal excretory function
can’t maintain salt - water balance and acid-base balance
compromised hormone function

Question 4

What are the effects of renal function if severe and untreated?

Answer 4

then it leads to death

Question 5

What are examples of conditions that can arise when there is a reduction in renal excretory function?

Answer 5

azotaemia, uraemia

Question 6

What is an example of a consequence of that can arise when there is a reduction in renal excretory function?

Answer 6

drug toxicity

Question 7

What percentage of renal failure cases are accounted for by Acute Kidney Injury?

Answer 7

about 10%

Question 8

What percentage of renal failure cases are accounted for by chronic kidney disease?

Answer 8

about 90% of renal failure

Question 9

What are the differences between AKI and CKD?

Answer 9

AKI - rare and suddenly occurs

CKD - much more common but takes months / years to develop

Question 10

In renal failure, how is renal function supplemented?

Answer 10

artificially, either by dialysis or by a transplanted kidney

Question 11

Where are the kidneys located?

Answer 11

on the posterior wall of abdomen
behind the peritoneum
on either side of the vertebral column

Question 12

How much does each kidney weigh in an adult human?

Answer 12

120-170 g

Question 13

What are the approx dimensions of each kidney in an adult human?

Answer 13

11 cm long, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick

Question 14

What structures are the kidneys connected to on their medial side? (RaV.UN)

Answer 14

renal artery & vein

ureter, nerves

Question 15

What proportion of the population have one kidney only, due to agenesis?

Answer 15

1 in 750, mostly males

Question 16

What are the two major layers of the kidneys?

Answer 16

Cortex (outer layer)

Medulla (inner layer)

Question 17

How many nephrons make up the cortex?

Answer 17

~ 1.25 M nephrons

Question 18

What two things are the nephrons responsible for?

Answer 18

urine formation and composition

Question 19

Where do the Medulla drain into?

Answer 19

the ureters

Question 20

What happens to the amount of nephrons in the cortex with age?

Answer 20

the numbers (and therefore renal function) decline with age

Question 21

How many nephrons are lost per year from about 50 years?

Answer 21

10,000 nephrons

GFR 50% of normal adult rate by age 75

Question 22

What are the five distinct sections of nephron?

Answer 22

Renal corpuscle
Proximal tubule, Distal tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct

Question 23

What does a renal corpuscle consist of?

Answer 23

glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule - a glomerular capsule

Question 24

What is a renal corpuscle otherwise known as?

Answer 24

malpighian body

Question 25

What are the two types of nephron?

Answer 25

cortical | juxtamedullary

Question 26

What percentage of all nephrons in a body are cortical?

Answer 26

70-80% of all nephrons in human

Question 27

What percentage of all nephrons in the kidneys are juxtamedullary?

Answer 27

20-30%

Question 28

Where are cortical nephrons located?

Answer 28

in the cortex, in the short Loop of Henle into medulla

Question 29

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located?

Answer 29

Situated closer to medulla, where the Loop of Henle extends deep into the renal pyramids

Question 30

What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

Answer 30

20%

Question 31

What is the high percentage of cardiac output that goes to the kidneys used for?

Answer 31

E-consuming transport processes

Question 32

What is the innervation of the kidneys?

Answer 32

Sympathetic postganglionic fibres | Parasympathetic efferent supply (vagus)

Question 33

What is the role of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

Answer 33

to supply the arteries, afferent and efferent arterioles and granular cells

Question 34

What is the effect of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

Answer 34

reduces blood supply to kidney during stress (fight or flight response)

Question 35

Where does the parasympathetic efferent supply come from?

Answer 35

from the vagus nerve - ganglion in hilum

Question 36

What is the effect of the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

Answer 36

may control tone of efferent arterioles | may modify glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow

Question 37

Where does the sympathetic efferent supply come from?

Answer 37

from the sympathetic chain and fibres from coeliac ganglion

Question 38

What are the three major functions of the nephrons?

Answer 38

filtration (produces a filtrate) reabsorption secretion of waste products into tubular fluid

Question 39

What are the two lesser functions of the nephrons?

Answer 39

Transcellular and Paracellular transport

Question 40

What substances are reabsorbed in the nephrons?

Answer 40

water, ions and organic nutrients

Question 41

Where does filtration occur at?

Answer 41

the glomerulus

Question 42

What is the initial step in urine formation?

Answer 42

glomerular filtration

Question 43

What small molecules are filtered out at the glomerulus? (MEAG.DM)

Answer 43

Metabolic waste, Electrolytes amacs, glucose some drugs, metabolites

Question 44

What substances remain in the blood during glomerular filtration?

Answer 44

RBCs, Lipids Proteins Most drugs, metabolites

Question 45

What percentage of filtered water, electrolytes and nutrients are reabsorbed back into the blood?

Answer 45

more than 99%

Question 46

How are substances reabsorbed in the kidneys?

Answer 46

down concentration and/or electrochemical gradients co- transport osmotic gradient via aquaporins

Question 47

What does the reabsorption of solutes require?

Answer 47

E (ATP) to drive Na+ reabsorption via the Na+K+ATPase transporter

Question 48

What type of substances can't be filtered at the glomerulus?

Answer 48

some endogenous substances and drugs

Question 49

Why can't some substances be filtered at the glomerulus?

Answer 49

due to their size or their protein binding

Question 50

What can transport compounds from the plasma into the nephron for excretion?

Answer 50

specialised pumps in the PT

Question 51

What are the two types of pumps that can transport compounds from the plasma into the nephron for excretion?

Answer 51

pumps that transport organic acids or drugs | pumps that transport organic bases or drugs