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M103 T4 > M103 T4 Symposia > Flashcards

M103 T4 Symposia Flashcards

1
Q

Where is VLDL produced?

A

the liver

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2
Q

How is IDL formed?

A

VLDL delivers triglycerides to muscle and adipose tissue

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3
Q

What two components is LDL derived from?

A

VLDL

IDL

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4
Q

Where is HDL formed?

A

the liver

the SI

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5
Q

What are the main chylomicron groups?

A

VLDL
HDL
IDL
LDL

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6
Q

What are the chylomicrons listed smallest to largest?

A

HDL
LDL
IDL
VDL

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7
Q

What are the two essential polyunsaturated FAs?

A

omega 3

omega 6

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8
Q

omega 3

A

long chain

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9
Q

What is the function of linolenic acid?

A

can act as a precursors for eicosapentaenoic acid

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10
Q

What are the health benefits of omega 3?

A

anti inflammatory responses

decreased expression of genes involved in inflammatory and atherogenesis-related pathways

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11
Q

What conditions does increased omega 3 not affect?

A

cardiovascular death
coronary death or events
stroke
heart irregularities

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12
Q

linolenic acid

A

18C chain length

2 double bonds

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13
Q

What is the main dietary source of linolenic acid?

A

corn oil

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14
Q

What does omega 6 form when metabolised?

A

arachidonic acid (AA)

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15
Q

What condition is linoleic acid positively associated with and where?

A

coronary artery disease
in adipose tissue
in platelets

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16
Q

How does aspirin work?

A

it blocks the synthesis of arachidonic acid

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17
Q

What is the metabolic pathway for omega 6?

A

linoleic acid
arachidonic acid
LA - AA

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18
Q

What is the metabolic pathway for omega 3?

A

a-linoleic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid
docosaheaxanoic acid

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19
Q

What are the two different end results of the pathways of omega 3 and omega 6?

A

3 - proinflammatory

6 - minimally inflammatory

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20
Q

Which omega-3 is minimally inflammatory?

A

eicosanoids

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21
Q

Which omega-3 is inflammatory resolving?

A

resolvins

protectins

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22
Q

How does linoleic acid reduce the risk of CVD?

A

reduces TC

reduces LDL

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23
Q

Why might linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?

A

increases the susceptibility of LDL particles and other lipoproteins for oxidation
increases smaller denser LDL
reduces HDL
increases triglycerides

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24
Q

How might the oxidation caused by linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?

A

oxidation leads to endothelial damage

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25
Q

How might increased amounts of smaller denser LDL caused by linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?

A

the smaller the size of LDL, the greater the atherogenic risk

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26
Q

How might reduced amounts of HDL caused by linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?

A

thought to be cardioprotective by recycling cholesterol back to the liver

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27
Q

What are the types of dietary carbohydrates?

A

non starch polysaccharides
starch polysaccharides
disaccharides
monosaccharides

28
Q

Which three sugars from from dietary carbohydrates are absorbed by the body?

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

29
Q

What is fructose associated with?

A

dysregulation of FA synthesis

increase the production of FAs

30
Q

What is an overall effect of a low carbohydrate diet?

A

induce Type 2 diabetes remission

31
Q

What are the short term impacts of a low carbohydrate diet?

A

reduce body weight
insulin resistance
HbA1c
triglyceride profile

32
Q

What amounts of carbohydrate are used for a low carb diet?

A

21 - 70g

33
Q

What is an effect of reducing the dietary intake of fat?

A

there will be an increased intake of carbohydrates

depending on the types of carbohydrate being consumed, it might have an impact on the total energy intake

34
Q

What is an effect of a low fat diet with an increased LDL?

A

total LDL decreases
small dense LDL increases through atherogenesis
a down regulation of insulin response due to continued stimulation from higher carbohydrates which induces lipolysis

35
Q

What does lypolysis achieve?

A

increases the delivery of FAs to the liver and to the circulation
increases hepatic esterification -

36
Q

What is an effect of increased hepatic esterification?

A

over production of VLDL, particularly triglyceride-rich VLDL1

37
Q

What is an effect of soluble fibre in plants?

A

decrease serum cholesterol

38
Q

How does soluble fibre in plants decrease serum cholesterol?

A

inhibits cholesterol reabsorption in the GI tract

39
Q

How does fruit and vegetable consumption improve the body’s antioxidant status?

A

by improving the plasma total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity in healthy young adults

40
Q

What did the PREDIMED trial assess?

A

looked at the long-term effects of the Mediterranean diet in individuals at high risk

41
Q

What did the USA DASH diet plan involve?

A

requires no special foods and instead provides daily and weekly nutritional goals

42
Q

What is the purpose of dietary patterns?

A

they give indications of the sorts of foods we need to have to maximise the balance of nutrients within our diets

43
Q

What type of trial was the PREDIMED trial?

A

a 1 year randomised control trial

44
Q

How many people were in the PREDIMED trial and what did they all have in common?

A

235 people all at high cardiovascular risk

45
Q

What were the three beneficial effects found from the PREDIMED trial?

A

Reduced ambulatory BP
Reduced fasting blood glucose
Reduced total cholesterol

46
Q

What were the features of the DASH diet?

A

rich in fruit, vegetables and low-fat dairy

a higher ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat than the other diets

47
Q

What were the four effects found from the DASH diet after 8 weeks?

A

lowered blood pressure
lowered total cholesterol
lowered LDL (“bad” cholesterol)
lowered HDL (“good” cholesterol)

48
Q

Why are free FAs released from adipose tissue?

A

visceral adipose tissue is less responsive to insulin and so constantly secrets free FAs into circulation

49
Q

What are the three effects of free FAs released from adipose tissue?

A

they increase the amount of reactive oxygen species
they inhibit nitric oxide
affects the RAAS

50
Q

What is a source of free FAs in circuation?

A

adipose tissue

51
Q

What is the effect of reactive oxygen species in the body?

A

they can potentially damage individual cells

52
Q

What is nitric oxide important for in the body?

A

vasodilation

53
Q

What two things are affected when the RAAS is affected itself?

A

vasodilation

apoptosis

54
Q

What does the high lipolytic activity of the visceral fat contribute to?

A

FFAs are in circulation - more are delivered to the liver

55
Q

What happens to FFAs when they are delivered to the liver?

A

they are converted to triglycerides

they are stored on site, in the cytosol

56
Q

What is produced when FFAs are stored in the liver?

A

VLDL particles enriched with triglycerides

triglyceride enriched LDLs

57
Q

What are features of smaller triglyceride enriched LDLs?

A

they are small
they are highly atherogenic
they can easily transform into oxidized LDL

58
Q

What happens to the triglyceride enriched LDLs formed when FFAs are stored in the liver?

A

the LDL particles then become smaller and denser via CETP and hepatic lipase activity

59
Q

What is the effect of exercise in skeletal muscle?

A

increases TG clearance
decreases hepatic VLDL synthesis
decreases levels of TCs, TGs, and LDL-C

60
Q

How does exercise increase TG clearance?

A

by it up regulating lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle

61
Q

What is an effect of decreasing VLDL synthesis?

A

decreases IDL production

62
Q

How many hours of activity should be done by adults per week?

A

2.5 hours

63
Q

What is an example of how adult activity can be carried out over the week?

A

30 minutes brisk walking on at least 5 days a week

64
Q

What were the effects of exercise found by the STRRIDE1 trial?

A

Reduced LDL cholesterol particle number
Increase LDL cholesterol size
Increase in HDL cholesterol particle number
Increase in HDL cholesetrol size

65
Q

What are the 5 As?

A 
Ask
Assess
Discuss
Agree
Assist
66
Q

What are the Stages of Change according to the Prochaska and Diclemente theory of 1983?

A 
pre-contemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
relapse
67
Q

What are the Stages of Change used for?

A

the process by which a patient tries to change something in their lives

M103 T4 (19 decks)

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