Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

M103 T4 > M103 T4 Symposia > Flashcards

M103 T4 Symposia Flashcards

1
Q

Where is VLDL produced?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is IDL formed?

A

VLDL delivers triglycerides to muscle and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two components is LDL derived from?

A

VLDL

IDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is HDL formed?

A

the liver

the SI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main chylomicron groups?

A

VLDL
HDL
IDL
LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the chylomicrons listed smallest to largest?

A

HDL
LDL
IDL
VDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two essential polyunsaturated FAs?

A

omega 3

omega 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

omega 3

A

long chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of linolenic acid?

A

can act as a precursors for eicosapentaenoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the health benefits of omega 3?

A

anti inflammatory responses

decreased expression of genes involved in inflammatory and atherogenesis-related pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What conditions does increased omega 3 not affect?

A

cardiovascular death
coronary death or events
stroke
heart irregularities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

linolenic acid

A

18C chain length

2 double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the main dietary source of linolenic acid?

A

corn oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does omega 6 form when metabolised?

A

arachidonic acid (AA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What condition is linoleic acid positively associated with and where?

A

coronary artery disease
in adipose tissue
in platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does aspirin work?

A

it blocks the synthesis of arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the metabolic pathway for omega 6?

A

linoleic acid
arachidonic acid
LA - AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the metabolic pathway for omega 3?

A

a-linoleic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid
docosaheaxanoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two different end results of the pathways of omega 3 and omega 6?

A

3 - proinflammatory

6 - minimally inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which omega-3 is minimally inflammatory?

A

eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which omega-3 is inflammatory resolving?

A

resolvins

protectins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does linoleic acid reduce the risk of CVD?

A

reduces TC

reduces LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why might linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?

A

increases the susceptibility of LDL particles and other lipoproteins for oxidation
increases smaller denser LDL
reduces HDL
increases triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How might the oxidation caused by linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?

A

oxidation leads to endothelial damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How might increased amounts of smaller denser LDL caused by linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?
the smaller the size of LDL, the greater the atherogenic risk
26
How might reduced amounts of HDL caused by linoleic acid increase the risk of CVD?
thought to be cardioprotective by recycling cholesterol back to the liver
27
What are the types of dietary carbohydrates?
non starch polysaccharides starch polysaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides
28
Which three sugars from from dietary carbohydrates are absorbed by the body?
glucose galactose fructose
29
What is fructose associated with?
dysregulation of FA synthesis | increase the production of FAs
30
What is an overall effect of a low carbohydrate diet?
induce Type 2 diabetes remission
31
What are the short term impacts of a low carbohydrate diet?
reduce body weight insulin resistance HbA1c triglyceride profile
32
What amounts of carbohydrate are used for a low carb diet?
21 - 70g
33
What is an effect of reducing the dietary intake of fat?
there will be an increased intake of carbohydrates | depending on the types of carbohydrate being consumed, it might have an impact on the total energy intake
34
What is an effect of a low fat diet with an increased LDL?
total LDL decreases small dense LDL increases through atherogenesis a down regulation of insulin response due to continued stimulation from higher carbohydrates which induces lipolysis
35
What does lypolysis achieve?
increases the delivery of FAs to the liver and to the circulation increases hepatic esterification -
36
What is an effect of increased hepatic esterification?
over production of VLDL, particularly triglyceride-rich VLDL1
37
What is an effect of soluble fibre in plants?
decrease serum cholesterol
38
How does soluble fibre in plants decrease serum cholesterol?
inhibits cholesterol reabsorption in the GI tract
39
How does fruit and vegetable consumption improve the body's antioxidant status?
by improving the plasma total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity in healthy young adults
40
What did the PREDIMED trial assess?
looked at the long-term effects of the Mediterranean diet in individuals at high risk
41
What did the USA DASH diet plan involve?
requires no special foods and instead provides daily and weekly nutritional goals
42
What is the purpose of dietary patterns?
they give indications of the sorts of foods we need to have to maximise the balance of nutrients within our diets
43
What type of trial was the PREDIMED trial?
a 1 year randomised control trial
44
How many people were in the PREDIMED trial and what did they all have in common?
235 people all at high cardiovascular risk
45
What were the three beneficial effects found from the PREDIMED trial?
Reduced ambulatory BP Reduced fasting blood glucose Reduced total cholesterol
46
What were the features of the DASH diet?
rich in fruit, vegetables and low-fat dairy | a higher ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat than the other diets
47
What were the four effects found from the DASH diet after 8 weeks?
lowered blood pressure lowered total cholesterol lowered LDL (“bad” cholesterol) lowered HDL (“good” cholesterol)
48
Why are free FAs released from adipose tissue?
visceral adipose tissue is less responsive to insulin and so constantly secrets free FAs into circulation
49
What are the three effects of free FAs released from adipose tissue?
they increase the amount of reactive oxygen species they inhibit nitric oxide affects the RAAS
50
What is a source of free FAs in circuation?
adipose tissue
51
What is the effect of reactive oxygen species in the body?
they can potentially damage individual cells
52
What is nitric oxide important for in the body?
vasodilation
53
What two things are affected when the RAAS is affected itself?
vasodilation | apoptosis
54
What does the high lipolytic activity of the visceral fat contribute to?
FFAs are in circulation - more are delivered to the liver
55
What happens to FFAs when they are delivered to the liver?
they are converted to triglycerides | they are stored on site, in the cytosol
56
What is produced when FFAs are stored in the liver?
VLDL particles enriched with triglycerides | triglyceride enriched LDLs
57
What are features of smaller triglyceride enriched LDLs?
they are small they are highly atherogenic they can easily transform into oxidized LDL
58
What happens to the triglyceride enriched LDLs formed when FFAs are stored in the liver?
the LDL particles then become smaller and denser via CETP and hepatic lipase activity
59
What is the effect of exercise in skeletal muscle?
increases TG clearance decreases hepatic VLDL synthesis decreases levels of TCs, TGs, and LDL-C
60
How does exercise increase TG clearance?
by it up regulating lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle
61
What is an effect of decreasing VLDL synthesis?
decreases IDL production
62
How many hours of activity should be done by adults per week?
2.5 hours
63
What is an example of how adult activity can be carried out over the week?
30 minutes brisk walking on at least 5 days a week
64
What were the effects of exercise found by the STRRIDE1 trial?
Reduced LDL cholesterol particle number Increase LDL cholesterol size Increase in HDL cholesterol particle number Increase in HDL cholesetrol size
65
What are the 5 As?
``` Ask Assess Discuss Agree Assist ```
66
What are the Stages of Change according to the Prochaska and Diclemente theory of 1983?
``` pre-contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance relapse ```
67
What are the Stages of Change used for?
the process by which a patient tries to change something in their lives

M103 T4 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions