Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

M103 T4 > M103 T4 L15 > Flashcards

M103 T4 L15 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of drugs are used in bronchodilators?

A

adrenergic agonists (beta-2 agonists)
Muscarinic antagonists / anticholinergics
Methylxanthines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which four beta-2 agonist drugs can be used in bronchodilators?

A

salbutamol - short acting beta agonist
salmeterol - long acting beta agonist
formoterol - long acting beta agonist
vilanterol - long acting beta agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are examples of muscarinic antagonists?

A 
tiotropium - long acting
aclidinium - short acting
glycopyrronium - short acting
umeclidinium - short acting
ipratropium - short acting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of muscarinic antagonists?

A

Aminophylline

Theophylline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are methylxanthines adminstered?

A

orally

IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three main categories of airway drugs?

A

bronchodilators
anti-inflammatory drugs
mucolytic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three types of anti-inflammatory drugs?

A

Steroids
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Mucolytic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of steroids?

A

prednisolone (orally)

beclomethasone (an inhaled corticosteroid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an advantage of an inhaled corticosteroid over an orally administered steroid?

A

the drugs get to the airway specifically which might help reduce any side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of a leukotriene receptor antagonist?

A

Montelukast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is special about leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

their unique mechanism of action results in a combination of both bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are examples of mucolytic agents?

A 
carbocysteine (tablet)
hypertonic saline (given via nebuliser)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two main types of inhalers?

A

Pressurised Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs)

Dry-Powder Inhalers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are Pressurised Metered Dose Inhalers administered?

A

deep exhale / inhale and puff
hold breath for slow ten count
exhale slowly, wait one minute before second puff
used in conjunction with a spacer / aerochamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are Dry-Powder Inhalers administered?

A

usually one inhalation, not a puff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long does it take salbutamol to work? What is the duration of the effects?

A

short acting - begins immediately

duration of 3-5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does salbutamol work?

A 
binds to b2-receptors in the lungs 
bronchial smooth muscles relax
salbutamol activates adenylate cyclase
cAMP production increases 
the actions of salbutamol are mediated by cAMP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is salbutamol administered?

A

Inhaled
via a nebuliser (gives a higher dose)
IV is rarely used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How long does it take salmeterol to work? What is the duration of the effects?

A

long acting - begins in begin 2 - 30 min

duration of 10-12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is salmeterol administered?

A

inhaled

not PRN and always used with ICS in asthma patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In which asthma patients is salmeterol used?

A

in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy on ICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In which COPD patients is salmeterol used?

A

COPD patients with persistent symptoms despite SABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is salmeterol used to treat COPD patients?

A

LABA / LAMA combination

ICS / LABA combination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long does it take formoterol to work? What is the duration of the effects?

A

long acting - begins in 2 - 30 min

duration of 10-12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is formoterol administered?
inhaled | combined with ICS (always) for asthma
26
In what patients is formoterol used?
Asthma | COPD
27
What is the duration of the effects of tiotropium? How often is it administered?
long acting - lasts for 24 hours | once daily
28
How is tiotropium administered?
Inhaled (dry powder handihaler / mist respimat)
29
How does tiotropium work?
it has an affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors, M1 to M5 in the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through inhibition of M3-receptors at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilatation
30
How long does it take ipratropium to work? What is the duration of the effects?
it is short acting - begins in 30 minutes | lasts 6 hours
31
How is ipratropium administered and for what type of patients?
Nebulised for acute presentations of COPD and sometimes asthma
32
What is the half life of theophylline?
around 5 hours in healthy adults
33
How is theophylline administered?
orally - for patients with COPD and asthma who have persistent symptoms IV - for COPD and asthma-medical emergencies
34
How does theophylline work?
it inhibits phosphodiesterase | its level in the blood needs to be monitored via blood tests
35
When is tiotropium used?
for stable COPD patients who have symptoms despite SABA | for asthma patients who aren't improving despite ICS / LABA-specialist advice from hospital
36
What are the adverse events of bronchodilators?
Tachycardia Nervousness, Irritability, Tremor Tachyarrhythmias / Angina
37
What are adverse events of bronchodilators caused by?
usually dose related
38
How do the adverse events of bronchodilators vary between the way they are aministered?
adverse effects are less common in inhaled preparations | adverse effects are more common in oral (hardly used) and IV preparations
39
What is an example of an orally administered glucocorticoid?
prednisolone
40
What is an advantage of inhaled glucocorticoids?
localized action - there is more of the drug in the area that it needs to get to may result in fewer side effects
41
What are the effects of glucocorticoids on the airways?
Decrease release of inflammatory mediator Decrease infiltration and action of white blood cells Decrease airway oedema Decrease airway mucus production Increase number and sensitivity of beta-2 receptors
42
What are examples of an glucocorticoid that are inhaled?
Beclometasone fluticasone budesonide
43
What is a disadvantage of inhaled glucocorticoids?
the presence of the disease may prevent penetration of drug to affected areas
44
What is a disadvantage of inhaled glucocorticoids?
the presence of the disease may prevent penetration of drug to affected areas
45
What are two adverse effects of inhaled glucocorticoids?
Oral candidiasis | Dysphonia
46
What are two adverse effects of systemically administered glucocorticoids?
``` Adrenal suppression Bone loss Slow growth in children, but not ultimate height Increase risk of cataracts and glaucoma Increased risk of infection Gastric ulceration Hypertension Diabetes Mood disturbance ```
47
How can patients lower the effect of bone loss caused by systemically administered glucocorticoids?
exercise Vit D calcium
48
What are the drugs used in ICS and LABA combination inhalers?
Formoterol / Budesonide Formoterol / beclomethasone Salmeterol / fluticasone
49
What is an example of a drug pair used in LAMA and LABA combination inhalers?
Tiotropium | Olodaterol
50
What is an example of the drugs used in ICS, LABA and LAMA combination inhalers?
Beclomethasone formoterol glycopyrronium
51
What is allergic rhinitis treated with?
Antihistamines (H1 antagonists) Intranasal Glucocorticoids Montelukast Sympathomimetics
52
What are two examples of H1 antagonists?
Cetirizine | Chlorpheniramine
53
What is an example of a Intranasal Glucocorticoid?
Beclometasone (brand name Beconase)
54
What is the brand name of montelukast?
Singulair
55
Sympathomimetics (Decongestants)
Pseudoephedrine (alpha agonist) Problems with abuse and MAOI
56
What are the side effects of H1 antagonists?
Drowsiness Dry Mouth Dry Eyes Confusion
57
What are the side effects of montelukast?
``` reduce inflammation reduce bronchoconstriction reduce oedema reduce mucus reduce the recruitment of eosinophils ```
58
How does montelukast work?
it inhibits leukotriene receptors
59
Which conditions will put patients at a higher risk from the adverse effects of excess oxygen?
hypercapnia respiratory failure type two respiratory failure
60
How is oxygen administered?
Venturi mask (controlled administration) Nasal (uncontrolled administration) Hudson mask (uncontrolled administration) Reservoir (uncontrolled administration)
61
Which penicillins are used to cover respiratory infection?
Amoxicillin Co-amoxiclav Tazobactum
62
What types of pneumonia are there?
hospital acquired ventilator acquired community acquired
63
How is amoxicillin administered?
IV/Oral
64
When is amoxicillin used?
community acquired pneumonia (common) COPD exacerbations bronchitis
65
What does amoxicillin work against?
active against gram negative and gram positive bacteria
66
What does co-amoxiclav contain?
amoxicillin | B lactamase
67
When is tazobactum used?
in patients with hospital acquired infections
68
When is amoxiclav used?
in patients who haven't responded to first line treatment against respiratory infections
69
What does tazobactum work against?
gram neg bacteria
70
What is an example of a tetracycline?
doxycycline
71
How does tetracycline work?
it inhibits protein synthesis
72
What does tetracycline work against?
Broad spectrum action Gram positive and negative useful for ‘atypical infections’ e.g. mycoplasma, legionella
73
How is tetracycline administered?
Oral route only
74
What are the side effects of tetracycline?
``` GI Upset staining teeth lupus allergy photosensitivity ```
75
What are three examples of quinolones?
ciprofloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin
76
How do quinolones work?
cause DNA fragmentation
77
What does quinolone work against?
Gram negative and positive coverage (and Pseudomonas)
78
How is quinolone administered?
IV Oral Inhaled (CF)
79
What are the side effects of quinolone?
``` GI upset Clostridium difficile Tendonitis Liver upset Prolonged QTc and arrthymia ```
80
What are two examples of marcolides?
erythromycin | clarithromycin
81
When are marcolides used?
in respiratory infection (including aytpical pneumonia)
82
How do marcolides work?
inhibit the synthesis of protein
83
How are marcolides administered?
IV | oral
84
What do marcolides work against?
Gram positive /limited gram negative cover
85
What are the side effects of marcolides?
``` GI allergy liver abnormality prolonged QTc interactions ```
86
What are some idiopathic interstitial pneumonias treated with?
Prednisolone Azathioprine MMF
87
How is Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated?
Pirfenidone
88
What is the main difference between amoxicillin and penicillin?
amoxicillin is effective against a wider spectrum of bacteria compared with penicillin
89
What is the difference between tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia?
tachycardia - rapid heart rate itself, regardless of cause, physiologic or pathologic (from exercise or cardiac arrhythmia) tachyarrhythmia - rapid HR in its pathologic form (caused by a heart rhythm disorder)

M103 T4 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions