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Winter 2019 > M1: Sociology of Deviance and Social Control > Flashcards

M1: Sociology of Deviance and Social Control Flashcards

1
Q

Term for excessive bureaucracy or adherence to rules and formalities, especially in public business

A

red tape or the nightmare of the bureaucracy

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2
Q

Who coined the term “The Nightmare of the Bureaucracy”

A

Weber

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3
Q

The historic definition of crime by criminologists

A

Crime as behavior in violation of law

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4
Q

Modern understandings of law is based in what type of theory?

A

Classical

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5
Q

Modern understandings of law suggest:

A

:aws should be, and are, established when social harm occurs

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6
Q

Definitions of deviance vary across…

A

space and time

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7
Q

An example of deviance and crime changing according to spaces and time is…

A

Societal reactions to LGBTQ+ activity

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8
Q

Goffredson and Hirschi define crime as

A

the use of force and fraud

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9
Q

Downes and Rock intentionally avoid a precise definition of crime, but do refer to…

A

banned or controlled behavior that is likely to attract punishment or disapproval

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10
Q

Pfohl suggests deviance is a violation of…

A

a social norm

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11
Q

3 types of positivists

A
  1. Absolutism
  2. Objectivism
  3. Determinism
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12
Q

3 Types of Contructionists

A
  1. Relativism
  2. Subjectivism
  3. Voluntarism
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13
Q

Theorists affiliated with the notion of “the intrinsically real” are

A

absolutist

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14
Q

Theorists that affiliate with the notion of observing are

A

objectivists

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15
Q

Theorists that focus on causal explanations are

A

determinists

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16
Q

Theorists that focus on labelling are noted as

A

relativist

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17
Q

Theorists that focus on personal experiences are

A

subjectivist

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18
Q

Theories that focus on free will are

A

voluntarist

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19
Q

Term for adherence to norms

A

conformity

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20
Q

Term for normative violation without reaction

A

non-conformity

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21
Q

Term for normative violation with a controlling mechanism

A

Deviance

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22
Q

Term for violation of codified law

A

Crime

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23
Q

5 reasons to study crime and deviance

A
  1. Vicarious experience
  2. Reform
  3. Self-protection and sophistication
  4. Understanding oneself and others
  5. Intellectual curiosity
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24
Q

Blackshaw and Crabbe argue that there is no such thing as deviance anymore, otherwise coined as

A

synopticism

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25
Q

3 reasons deviance is relative

A
  1. Changes over time
  2. Varies across cultural settings
  3. While some see deviance, others see difference
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26
Q

Two reasons why the term ‘crime’ is problematic

A
  1. Restricts our analysis to certain types of behavior

2. Relevant behavior may be ignored

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27
Q

Our current definition of crime is based upon a specific theory that defines it as:

A

Demonstrated harm to others

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28
Q

The problem with defining crime as harming others is problematic because…

A

Harm is very subjective

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29
Q

Crime can be said to be too broadly defined because: (2)

A
  1. Crime varies across time and place, and is subjective

2. Deviance depends on people’s definitions of situations

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30
Q

Marxists perceive deviance as…

A

liberating acts of rebellion against capitalism

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31
Q

Functionalists and control theorists perceive institutional restraint as…

A

vital to social harmony

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32
Q

In terms of defining deviance, Deutchmann claims…

A

One theory cannot explain all forms of deviance

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33
Q

Who claims that there is not single truth in definitions of deviance?

A

Downes and Rock

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34
Q

Clarke, Cornish and James Wislon dismiss theorieis of crime and offer…

A

no suggestions for controlling it

35
Q

In the context for crime, Schur, Becker and Szaz argue that state interference often leads to

A

more deviance

36
Q

Ideas about how to best study society is otherwise known as…

A

Epistemology

37
Q

Claims about what is the nature of social reality is otherwise known as….

A

Ontology

38
Q

Differences in definitions of crime and deviance because of

A

ontological and epistemological assumptions

39
Q

4 requisites for establishing causality

A
  1. Variables should covary
  2. Temporal sequence
  3. Co-variance should be non-spurious
    4, Research should be theoretically based
40
Q

Variables that are associated with one another, or go together

A

covariance

41
Q

Researchers find the following variable especially important (4)

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex
  3. Socio-economic status
  4. Visible minority status
42
Q

Temporal sequence suggests:

A

cause must come before effect (independent before dependent)

43
Q

When variables may both be caused by another variable such as parenting causing both depression and body image

A

Spurious

44
Q

an informal fallacy when someone asks a question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer.

A

Double barreled questions

45
Q

a mode of scientific observation involving taking action and observing the consequences of such action

A

experiment

46
Q

Calhoun’s work on the relationship between population density and deviant behavior is associated with which movie, discussed in class?

A

“Falling Down”

47
Q

2 Findings of Calhoun’s study

A
  1. Excessive aggression from rats in cells

2. Excessive passivity from rats in cells

48
Q

Calhoun’s conclusions

A

population density generates deviance

49
Q

4 critiques to Calhoun’s study

A
  1. Rat behavior may not reflect human behavior
  2. Humans choose to live in cities, rat’s did not choose cages
  3. High density is relative
  4. Sex ratio
50
Q

CUCR stands for

A

Canadian Uniform Crime Reports

51
Q

a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime.

A

dark figures

52
Q

What percentage of yearly reported crimes to police are violent?

A

12%

53
Q

7 levels of the crime funnel from top to bottom

A
  1. All Crime (detected and undetected)
  2. Detected crime (reported/unreported)
  3. Reported crime (founded/unfounded)
  4. Founded Crime
  5. Crime taken to court (convicted/acquitted)
  6. Convicted
  7. Incarcerated
54
Q

Type of research that involves asking a sample of a population a set of questions

A

surveys

55
Q

A survey that is delivered to all Canadians would be considered

A

cross-sectional

56
Q

If the same study is conducted over a period of time, it is considered

A

Longitudinal

57
Q

Official crime stats do not reflect

A

the reality of crime in Canada

58
Q

Victimization surveys are

A

surveys that criminologists use, asking people if they have been victimized and how

59
Q

2 types of personal interviews

A
  1. Structured

2. Semi-structured

60
Q

Observation/participant observation studies are conducted when

A

behavior is readily apparent

61
Q

an analysis of male-male sexual behavior in public toilets.

A

Humphrey’s Tea Room Trade

62
Q

type of research that involves systematic analysis of documents, including audio and video recordings

A

content analysis

63
Q

Tortue is used to: (3)

A
  1. Obtain information
  2. Frighten enemies
  3. Seek vengance
64
Q

Centuries of the middle ages when feudalism was practiced

A

5-15th centuries

65
Q

During the middle ages, monarchies justified their power based on

A

the divine right of kinds

66
Q

In th emiddle ages, deviant and criminal behavior was considered dangerous and the result of

A

possession and temptation

67
Q

7 deadly sins

A
  1. Sloth
  2. Anger
  3. Lust
  4. Pride
  5. Envy
  6. Gluttony
  7. Greed
68
Q

the law of retaliation, whereby a punishment resembles the offense committed in kind and degree - “an eye for an eye”

A

Lex Talionis

69
Q

When did the salem witch trials begin?

A

1672

70
Q

How many people were arrested in the salem witch trials?

A

150

71
Q

Witch burnings occured where?

A

in Europe and North America, but not in Salem

72
Q

Malleus Maleficarum is translated to

A

“Hammer of the witches”

73
Q

What was the Malleus Maleficarumused for?

A

Used to punish convicted witches and how to define them

74
Q

Malleus Maleficarum caused mass hysteria because

A
  1. It suggested deniers of the existence of witches should be of suspect
  2. It was combined with economic contraction, racism, and sexism
75
Q

3 aspects to the context of the classical perspective on crime and deviance

A
  1. The demonic perspective
  2. Arbitrary, brutal and public punishment
  3. Chaotic and high crime rates
76
Q

Beccaria and Bentham viewed demonic punishment as

A

systemic rage

77
Q

Classical reformers saw that the nature of all human action was out of

A

self-interest

78
Q

a theorem providing conditions that guarantee that the max–min inequality is also an equality

A

Mini-max theorem

79
Q

Classical theory moved toward the idea that ….. was the focus of punishment

A

Crimes (not criminals)

80
Q

According to classical theorists, punishment must contain three basic elements in order to be effective

A
  1. Swiftness
  2. Certainty
  3. Severity
81
Q

Bentham propised that laws could be created when…

A

deviant behavior presented a demonstrable social harm

82
Q

Through the legislative body and judicial system, classical theorists sought to…

A

bring uniformity to punishment

83
Q

term for being engaged in the pursuit of pleasure; sensually self-indulgent.

A

hedonistic

Winter 2019 (6 decks)

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