M1: Sociology of Deviance and Social Control Flashcards
1
Q
Term for excessive bureaucracy or adherence to rules and formalities, especially in public business
A
red tape or the nightmare of the bureaucracy
2
Q
Who coined the term “The Nightmare of the Bureaucracy”
A
Weber
3
Q
The historic definition of crime by criminologists
A
Crime as behavior in violation of law
4
Q
Modern understandings of law is based in what type of theory?
A
Classical
5
Q
Modern understandings of law suggest:
A
:aws should be, and are, established when social harm occurs
6
Q
Definitions of deviance vary across…
A
space and time
7
Q
An example of deviance and crime changing according to spaces and time is…
A
Societal reactions to LGBTQ+ activity
8
Q
Goffredson and Hirschi define crime as
A
the use of force and fraud
9
Q
Downes and Rock intentionally avoid a precise definition of crime, but do refer to…
A
banned or controlled behavior that is likely to attract punishment or disapproval
10
Q
Pfohl suggests deviance is a violation of…
A
a social norm
11
Q
3 types of positivists
A
- Absolutism
- Objectivism
- Determinism
12
Q
3 Types of Contructionists
A
- Relativism
- Subjectivism
- Voluntarism
13
Q
Theorists affiliated with the notion of “the intrinsically real” are
A
absolutist
14
Q
Theorists that affiliate with the notion of observing are
A
objectivists
15
Q
Theorists that focus on causal explanations are
A
determinists
16
Q
Theorists that focus on labelling are noted as
A
relativist
17
Q
Theorists that focus on personal experiences are
A
subjectivist
18
Q
Theories that focus on free will are
A
voluntarist
19
Q
Term for adherence to norms
A
conformity
20
Q
Term for normative violation without reaction
A
non-conformity
21
Q
Term for normative violation with a controlling mechanism
A
Deviance
22
Q
Term for violation of codified law
A
Crime
23
Q
5 reasons to study crime and deviance
A
- Vicarious experience
- Reform
- Self-protection and sophistication
- Understanding oneself and others
- Intellectual curiosity
24
Q
Blackshaw and Crabbe argue that there is no such thing as deviance anymore, otherwise coined as
A
synopticism
25
3 reasons deviance is relative
1. Changes over time
2. Varies across cultural settings
3. While some see deviance, others see difference
26
Two reasons why the term 'crime' is problematic
1. Restricts our analysis to certain types of behavior
| 2. Relevant behavior may be ignored
27
Our current definition of crime is based upon a specific theory that defines it as:
Demonstrated harm to others
28
The problem with defining crime as harming others is problematic because...
Harm is very subjective
29
Crime can be said to be too broadly defined because: (2)
1. Crime varies across time and place, and is subjective
| 2. Deviance depends on people's definitions of situations
30
Marxists perceive deviance as...
liberating acts of rebellion against capitalism
31
Functionalists and control theorists perceive institutional restraint as...
vital to social harmony
32
In terms of defining deviance, Deutchmann claims...
One theory cannot explain all forms of deviance
33
Who claims that there is not single truth in definitions of deviance?
Downes and Rock
34
Clarke, Cornish and James Wislon dismiss theorieis of crime and offer...
no suggestions for controlling it
35
In the context for crime, Schur, Becker and Szaz argue that state interference often leads to
more deviance
36
Ideas about how to best study society is otherwise known as...
Epistemology
37
Claims about what is the nature of social reality is otherwise known as....
Ontology
38
Differences in definitions of crime and deviance because of
ontological and epistemological assumptions
39
4 requisites for establishing causality
1. Variables should covary
2. Temporal sequence
3. Co-variance should be non-spurious
4, Research should be theoretically based
40
Variables that are associated with one another, or go together
covariance
41
Researchers find the following variable especially important (4)
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Socio-economic status
4. Visible minority status
42
Temporal sequence suggests:
cause must come before effect (independent before dependent)
43
When variables may both be caused by another variable such as parenting causing both depression and body image
Spurious
44
an informal fallacy when someone asks a question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer.
Double barreled questions
45
a mode of scientific observation involving taking action and observing the consequences of such action
experiment
46
Calhoun's work on the relationship between population density and deviant behavior is associated with which movie, discussed in class?
"Falling Down"
47
2 Findings of Calhoun's study
1. Excessive aggression from rats in cells
| 2. Excessive passivity from rats in cells
48
Calhoun's conclusions
population density generates deviance
49
4 critiques to Calhoun's study
1. Rat behavior may not reflect human behavior
2. Humans choose to live in cities, rat's did not choose cages
3. High density is relative
4. Sex ratio
50
CUCR stands for
Canadian Uniform Crime Reports
51
a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime.
dark figures
52
What percentage of yearly reported crimes to police are violent?
12%
53
7 levels of the crime funnel from top to bottom
1. All Crime (detected and undetected)
2. Detected crime (reported/unreported)
3. Reported crime (founded/unfounded)
4. Founded Crime
5. Crime taken to court (convicted/acquitted)
6. Convicted
7. Incarcerated
54
Type of research that involves asking a sample of a population a set of questions
surveys
55
A survey that is delivered to all Canadians would be considered
cross-sectional
56
If the same study is conducted over a period of time, it is considered
Longitudinal
57
Official crime stats do not reflect
the reality of crime in Canada
58
Victimization surveys are
surveys that criminologists use, asking people if they have been victimized and how
59
2 types of personal interviews
1. Structured
| 2. Semi-structured
60
Observation/participant observation studies are conducted when
behavior is readily apparent
61
an analysis of male-male sexual behavior in public toilets.
Humphrey's Tea Room Trade
62
type of research that involves systematic analysis of documents, including audio and video recordings
content analysis
63
Tortue is used to: (3)
1. Obtain information
2. Frighten enemies
3. Seek vengance
64
Centuries of the middle ages when feudalism was practiced
5-15th centuries
65
During the middle ages, monarchies justified their power based on
the divine right of kinds
66
In th emiddle ages, deviant and criminal behavior was considered dangerous and the result of
possession and temptation
67
7 deadly sins
1. Sloth
2. Anger
3. Lust
4. Pride
5. Envy
6. Gluttony
7. Greed
68
the law of retaliation, whereby a punishment resembles the offense committed in kind and degree - "an eye for an eye"
Lex Talionis
69
When did the salem witch trials begin?
1672
70
How many people were arrested in the salem witch trials?
150
71
Witch burnings occured where?
in Europe and North America, but not in Salem
72
Malleus Maleficarum is translated to
"Hammer of the witches"
73
What was the Malleus Maleficarumused for?
Used to punish convicted witches and how to define them
74
Malleus Maleficarum caused mass hysteria because
1. It suggested deniers of the existence of witches should be of suspect
2. It was combined with economic contraction, racism, and sexism
75
3 aspects to the context of the classical perspective on crime and deviance
1. The demonic perspective
2. Arbitrary, brutal and public punishment
3. Chaotic and high crime rates
76
Beccaria and Bentham viewed demonic punishment as
systemic rage
77
Classical reformers saw that the nature of all human action was out of
self-interest
78
a theorem providing conditions that guarantee that the max–min inequality is also an equality
Mini-max theorem
79
Classical theory moved toward the idea that ..... was the focus of punishment
Crimes (not criminals)
80
According to classical theorists, punishment must contain three basic elements in order to be effective
1. Swiftness
2. Certainty
3. Severity
81
Bentham propised that laws could be created when...
deviant behavior presented a demonstrable social harm
82
Through the legislative body and judicial system, classical theorists sought to...
bring uniformity to punishment
83
term for being engaged in the pursuit of pleasure; sensually self-indulgent.
hedonistic
