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BSC 2085 - Anatomy & Physiology I > M1, S4, Integumentary System > Flashcards

M1, S4, Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

A precursor form of which vitamin is produced in the skin?

A

Vitamin D

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2
Q

As cells of the outer surface of the epidermis are continually being sloughed off, some cells in the stratum ______ (the bottom layer) of the epidermis divide continuously, replenishing the epidermis.

A

basale

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3
Q

What are the two sub-layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary region

2. Reticular region

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4
Q

The reticular region usually constitutes approximately __% of the dermis.

A

80%

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5
Q

______ helps to protect the skin and underlying tissue from harmful UV radiation

A

Melanin

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6
Q

What are the three pigments that contribute towards skin color?

A

Melanin, carotine, hemoglobin

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7
Q

Carotene is a precursor to vitamin __.

A

A

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8
Q

Which of the following cell types are usually found in the epidermis?

  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • erythrocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • T cells
A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • Langerhans cells
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9
Q

Which of the following is the most significant determinant of skin color?

  • location of melanocytes
  • number of melanocytes
  • amount of melanocytes
A

-AMOUNT of melanocytes

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10
Q

Cells multiply at the basement membrane and move toward the surface, becoming increasingly __________. As they move away from the nutrients of the dermis, they die and flake away on reaching the surface.

A

keratinized

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11
Q

Approximately 90% of epidermal cells are ___________.

A

keratinocytes.

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12
Q

These cells are part of the immune system and can recognize foreign microbes, engulf and destroy them, and present their antigens to the immune system for further action.

A

Langerhans cells

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13
Q

________ cells are found at the border between the epidermis and the dermal layer. They have small dendrites that protrude in between nearby keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum.

A

Merkel cells

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14
Q

The most superficial layer of the epidermis, consisting of 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes.

A

Stratum corneum

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15
Q

A single layer of cuboidal-shaped cells on a ______ membrane. This layer contains stem cells, keratinocytes, and melanocytes. It is also sometimes called the stratum germinativum , due to its role in cell germination, i.e., new skin cells are produced at the basal membrane pushing the older cells towards the surface.

A

basal

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16
Q

In which of the following locations is the stratum lucidium found?

  • armpits
  • groin
  • soles of the feet
  • fingertips
  • chin
A
  • soles of the feet

- fingertips

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17
Q

Skin with hair is commonly referred to as ____ skin

A

thin

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18
Q

Hairless skin is often called _____ skin.

A

thick

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19
Q

________ growth factors are associated with the overall regulation of skin growth.

A

Epidermal

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20
Q

_______ strengthens the cells, while ________ adhere the cells to one another and are responsible for the waterproof properties of skin.

A

Keratin, glycolipids

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21
Q

What is the name of the molecule that is produced by lamellar granules in the stratum granulosum?

A

Glycolipid

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22
Q

Which of the following epidermal strata contains the most live cells?

A

Stratum basale

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23
Q

_________ glands produce sebum, an oily secretion that prevents the hair and skin from becoming brittle and dry

A

Sebaceous

24
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Merocrine and apocrine glands

25
Q

________ perspiration is when sweat is secreted and forms a visible layer, whereas _________ perspiration is when sweat is secreted, but evaporates before a visible layer is formed.

A

Sensible, insensible

26
Q

_________ are the more abundant of the two types of sweat glands and are found all over the skin.
High concentrations are found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Opens directly onto the surface of the skin as a sweat pore.

A

Merocrine, Thermoregulation

27
Q

________ glands are large sweat glands that develop during puberty, and are mainly located in the armpits and anogenital areas.

A

Apocrine

28
Q

Which gland does NOT contribute to thermoregulation?

A

Apocrine glands

29
Q

________ glands are modified apocrine sweat glands located deep in the subcutaneous layer of the external ear.

A

Ceruminous

30
Q

The ____ is an onion-shaped structure deep in the dermis, where cell growth occurs.

A

bulb

31
Q

Formed by two or three layers of irregularly shaped cells, located in the center of a hair.

Cortex, medulla, cuticle?

A

Medulla

32
Q

Layers of elongated cells surrounding the medulla, forming a significant part of the hair structure.

Cortex, medulla, cuticle?

A

Cortex

33
Q

A single layer of thin, flat cells that are heavily keratinized. Each cell partially overlaps the cuticle cell superficial to it, with the exposed edge pointing upwards.

Cortex, medulla, cuticle?

A

Cuticle

34
Q

Within the bulb is an indentation called the _____, which contains blood vessels and connective areolar tissue.

A

papilla

35
Q

A germinal layer of cells, called the _____ _____, surrounds the papilla of the hair and gives rise to all cells within a hair, including the internal root sheath.

A

hair matrix

36
Q

This muscle causes hair to stand on end in what is commonly known as ‘goose bumps’.
This action has a major role in thermoregulation for animals with thick fur, but in humans it of minor importance.

A

Arrector pili muscle

37
Q

Which of the following substances are found in the bulb of the hair?

  • melanocytes
  • cuticle
  • papilla of the hair
  • hair matrix
  • medulla
A
  • melanocytes
  • papilla of the hair
  • hair matrix
38
Q

The white, half-moon-shaped area at the proximal end of the nail.

A

Lunule

39
Q

_________ ________ are egg-shaped, encapsulated masses of dendrites.

A

Messner’s corpuscle

40
Q

________ ________ are large oval structures, consisting of a dendrite wrapped in a multilayered, connective tissue capsule.
Involved in sensing PRESSURE.

A

Pacinian corpuscle

41
Q

They are flattened, saucer-shaped free nerve endings.

A

Merkel disc

42
Q

Besides tactile sensation, thermoreception and proprioception, what is the fourth type of somatic sensation?

A

pain

43
Q

Cold receptors can be found in the stratum _______.

A

basale

44
Q

Warm receptors can be found in the _______.

A

dermis

45
Q

Special pain receptors are called _________.

A

nociceptors

46
Q

_______ pain is a phenomenon that occurs when pain is felt in a different location to the site of the causative injury.

A

Referred

47
Q

Which of the following sensory receptors are responsible for the touch sensation?

  • free nerve ending
  • hair root plexus
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Merkel disc
  • Messner’s corpuscle
A
  • hair root plexus
  • Merkel disc
  • Messner’s corpuscle
48
Q

T/F: Pacinian corpuscles detect higher-frequency vibrations

A

True

49
Q

Which of the following receptors respond to VIBRATION?

  • Merkel discs
  • hair root plexus
  • Pacinian corpuscles
  • Messner’s corpuscles
  • thermoreceptors
A
  • Pacinian corpuscles

- Messner’s corpuscles

50
Q

Epithelial cells produce cationic proteins called _______ which have antimicrobial properties and help prevent the colonization of the skin.

A

defensins

51
Q

_________ is the transfer of heat away from an object via the movement of gases or fluids.

A

Convection

52
Q

Which of the following help the skin to act as a barrier against microbes?

  • glycolipids
  • sweat
  • normal flora
  • melanin
  • defensins
A
  • sweat
  • normal flora
  • defensins
53
Q

What is the name given to the formation of scar tissue during the final phase of deep wound healing?

A

fibrosis

54
Q

Fibrin and blood platelets form a blood clot in the wound to prevent further blood loss and to seal the injury from the external environment. This is known as __________.

A

hemostasis

55
Q

Which one of the following cell types produces scar tissue?

  • reticular cells
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • adipocytes
  • phagocytes
A

-fibroblasts

BSC 2085 - Anatomy & Physiology I (6 decks)

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