M1, S1, C5 - Integration Of VFR Flights With IFR Traffic In Class D CTR/CTA/TMA Flashcards
The pilot is responsible for determining the…
…flight rules (VFR or IFR) under which he wishes to conduct his flight, taking into account the prevailing flight met conditions, airspace classification and the limitations of his licence/qualifications.
Within Class D airspace, ground visibility is used for…
…aircraft taking off from or approaching to land at aerodromes, or entering the ATZ, or aerodrome traffic circuit, whereas flight visibility is used for transiting aircraft.
Controllers, therefore, must not declare zones to be IFR or IMC.
The minimum services provided to VFR flights in Class D airspace are specified at M1, S1, C2, P2.
Separation standards are not prescribed for…
…application by ATC between VFR flights or between VFR and IFR flights in Class D airspace.
However, ATC has a responsibility to prevent collisions between known flights and to maintain a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of traffic.
This objective is met by passing sufficient traffic information and instructions to assist pilots to ‘see and avoid’ each other as specified at S3, C1, P2A.2
Instructions issued to VFR flights in Class D airspace are…
…mandatory.
These may comprise routeing instructions, visual holding instructions, level restriction as and information on collision hazards, in order to establish a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of traffic and to provide for the effective management of overall ATC workload.
Routeing instructions may be issued which will…
…reduce or eliminate points of conflict with other flights, such as final approach tracks and circuit areas, with a consequent reduction in the workload associated with passing extensive traffic information.
VRPs may be established to…
…assist in the definition of frequently utilised routes and the avoidance of instrument approach and departure tracks.
Where controllers require VFR aircraft to hold at a specific point pending further clearance…
…this is to be explicitly stated to the pilot.
When issuing instructions to VFR flights, controllers should be aware of the overriding requirements for the pilot to…
…remain in VMC, to avoid obstacles and to remain within the Priceline’s of his licence.
This may result in the pilot requesting an alternative clearance, particularly in marginal weather conditions.
Approach radar controllers in particular should exercise extreme caution in vectoring…
…VFR flights - a geographical routeing is preferable.
Prior to vectoring, the controller must establish with the pilot the need to report if headings issued are not acceptable due to the requirements to remain in VMC, avoid obstacles, and comply with the low flying rules.
Controllers should be aware that pilots of some VFR flights may not be sufficiently experienced to comply accurately with vectors, or to recover to visual navigation after vectoring.
Many gliders are radio equipped and therefore may…
…request transit through Class D CAS under VFR in accordance with the normal airspace procedures.
Controllers should endeavour to accommodate such aircraft to the maximum practicable extent commensurate with the traffic situation, but should be aware that gliders may not be able to adhere to specific levels or routes and may not be able to supply precise details of their intentions.
ATCUs May establish LOAs with adjacent aerodromes or airspace users to permit…
…the integration of airspace activities including glider, hang-glider, parachuting and other activities.
LOAs shall specify airspace sharing and delegation arrangements, hours of operation and any necessary inter-unit co-ordination arrangements.
