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COGS 17 > M1: Neural Functioning > Flashcards

M1: Neural Functioning Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system responsible for information transmission

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2
Q

Glial Cells

A

cells int he nervous system responsible for support, feeding, recycling, development, etc

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

organelles in a cell that are the site of protein production, crucial to much neural functioning

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4
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelles in a cell that are the source of energy (ATP) to power active (rather than passive) functions in cell

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5
Q

Dendrites vs Axon

A

Processes (branches) of a neuron that receive the incoming message vs the one that releases the outgoing message

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6
Q

Concentration vs Electrical Gradient

A

Difference in the amount of a given chemical inside/outside a cell vs a difference in charge inside/outside a cell

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7
Q

Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-

A

Symbols for 4 key elements in neural functioning - including 3 positive ions and 1 negative ion

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8
Q

Resting Potential (-70mV)

A

Name for AND amount of difference in charge inside/outside cell, in millivolts (mV), in polarized cell ready to fire

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9
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Energy-requiring pump that helps restore membrane potential after cell fires

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10
Q

Action Potential

A

A sequence of depolarization that moves along an axon, resulting in the all-or-nothing release of NT’s

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11
Q

Axon Hillock

A

section of axon where depolarization sequence begins

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12
Q

Graded Potential

A

A greater or lesser change in the polarity of a neuron that results in a greater or lesser release of NT

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13
Q

Ionic Conduction vs Electrical Conduction

A

Propagation of info down an axon by way of chemical gates opening/closing vs by flow of electrons

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14
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

“Jumping” electrical conduction that occurs in myelinated axons

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15
Q

Myelination

A

Glia cells wrapping around sections of an axon to insulate it and speed its information transmission

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon

17
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

disease that destroys myelin; no ion gates under sheath so neurons cannot fire

18
Q

Refactory Period

A

pewriod follwoing an action potential during which the cell cannot (or is more difficult to) fire

19
Q

Synapse

A

The event in which one cell releases NT and that NT affects another cell

20
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

the gap between cells across which NT Passively floats

21
Q

Pre-synaptic Cells vs Post-Synaptic Cells

A

the cell that releases the NT vs the cell that receives the NT

22
Q

Pre-synaptic terminal

A

the end of the axon from which NT is released, also called “button” or “end bulb”

23
Q

Vesicles

A

Packets of NT released by a neuron

24
Q

Exocytosis

A

the release of NT into cleft via its packet opening at a Fusion Pore in the cell’s membrane

25
Q

Receptor Site

A

area, usually on a dendrite, that is specialized for the attachment of NT

26
Q

EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential) vs IPSP (inhibatory post-synaptic potential)

A

an increase vs a decrease in a cell’s likelihood of releasing a neurotransmitter

27
Q

Hyper- vs hypo-polarization

A

less polarized, less difference between inside of a cell and outside of cell vs more difference

28
Q

Summation

A

cumulative effect of the activity of multiple pre-synaptic cells; can be temporal or spatial

29
Q

Ionotropic vs Metabotropic

A

when NT has direct effect on ion channels in postsynaptic vs indirect effects via internal metabolic processes

30
Q

Second Messenger

A

Chemical in postsynaptic cell involved in energy-requiring processes (including altering ion channels) triggered by NT

31
Q

Neurotransmitters vs Neuromodulators

A

chemical released by presynaptic cells that directly affect local postsynaptic cell vs ones that widely influence neural activity

32
Q

Agonist vs Antagonist

A

chemical (endogenous or man-made) that acts to faciliate vs to reduce the effects of specific NT’s

33
Q

Reuptake

A

Process by which NT’s or their components re-enter the presynaptic cell for re-use

34
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme in cleft that breaks down acetylcholine

35
Q

auto-receptors

A

site on presynaptic terminal that reacts to that cell’s own NT, usually acting to turn off/down that cell’s further NT release

36
Q

Axoaxonic Synapses

A

synapses at a presynaptic terminal that reacts to NT from another cell, excitatory or inhibitory

COGS 17 (7 decks)

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