M1: Development

Question 1

Ectoderm

Answer 1

in the new embryo, the outermost layer of cells - becomes the nervous system and skin

Question 2

Neural Plate

Answer 2

In the growing (wormlike) embryo, the surface along the back that thickens and hardens

Question 3

Neural Folds

Answer 3

a pair of ridges all along the above that begin to curl towards each other

Question 4

Neural Tube

Answer 4

The long hollow chamber that is formed when the above meet and fuse; inner surface becomes the CNS

Question 5

Neural Crest

Answer 5

outer surface of the above ridges that separate off and become the PNS

Question 6

Spina Bifida

Answer 6

a pathological condition involving a failure of the edges above to completely fuse, leading to birth defects or death

Question 7

Ventricular Zone

Answer 7

hollow core of developing embryo, source of cells of nervous system

Question 8

Stem Cells

Answer 8

the original type of cells in this area that undergo division to populate the nervous system

Question 9

Proliferation

Answer 9

general term for the production of new cells

Question 10

Symmetrical Division

Answer 10

cell division that produces two identical offspring vs produces one identical and one new (neuron or glial) cell

Question 11

Migration

Answer 11

the movement of cells from their place of origin to their later position

Question 12

Radial Glia

Answer 12

An early type of glial cells that extends its processes out like wheel spokes for the developing neurons to move along

Question 13

Synaptogenesis

Answer 13

the process by which neurons form new connections

Question 14

Growth Cone (fillopodia)

Answer 14

the specialized tip of a growing axon that detects the chemicals that guide its path

Question 15

Guidepost Cells

Answer 15

Glia cells that are positioned to direct growing axons towards their target cells

Question 16

Neurotrophins

Answer 16

chemicals that attract/repel axon growth, help prevent cell death, and/or promote axonal branching

Question 17

Nerve Growth Factor

Answer 17

one type of the above, from muscles & organs, that promotes survival and growth of axons in the brain and sympathetic NS

Question 18

Apotosis

Answer 18

cell death as determined by “suicide genes” that cause developing neurons to package their contents & destroy themselves

Question 19

Collateral Sprouts

Answer 19

newly formed axonal branches that replaces another (that has died off) at a synapse

Question 20

Dendrite Spines/Branching

Answer 20

new outgrowths on, or subdividing of, the processes that receive NT, in response to an enriched environment, learning, etc

Question 21

A mnemonic for the rule that co-activated cells tend to be strengthened in their connectivity and out-compete neighboring cells

Answer 21

“Cells that fire together wire together”