M1: Brain Study Techniques

Question 1

Golgi, Nissl, Weigert

Answer 1

name 3 types of neuronal stain that are injected live, but then examined in brain tissue slices

Question 2

Lesion Method

Answer 2

creating or exploiting brain damage to determine if that area is necessary to a certain function

Question 3

Electrical Stimulation

Answer 3

method used to generate, for example, the “Penefield Map” of somatosensory cortex in live patients

Question 4

Golgi, nissl, weigert, lesion method, and electrical stimulation get good spatial or temporal resolution?

Answer 4

Spatial Resolution

Question 5

Out of golgi, nissl, weigert, lesion method, and electrical stimulation; which yield information on BRAIN FUNCTION?

Answer 5

lesions and electrical stimulation

Question 6

Single Cell Recording

Answer 6

record activity using a micro-electrode probe in an active subject

Question 7

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 7

using an “electrode cap”, technique detects the electrical dipoles generated by changing electrical potentials

Question 8

Does the electroencephalography (EEG) record LOCALIZED changes in electrical activity or SUMMATION of changes over thousands of neurons?

Answer 8

summation

Question 9

Event Related Potentail (ERP)

Answer 9

the time-locked average of many EEG trials to factor out other brain activity and focus on a particular response

Question 10

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 10

detection of naturally occurring changes in magnetic fields created by brain activity (complementary to EEG)

Question 11

SQUID

Answer 11

device used to measure extremely weak magnetic fields, such as those produced by brain activity

Question 12

Out of single cell recording, EEG, ERP, & MEG; which requires confining the subject in a large apparatus

Answer 12

MEG

Question 13

Out of single cell recording, EEG, ERP, & MEG; which has the best spatial resolution?

Answer 13

single cell recording

Question 14

Out of single cell recording, EEG, ERP, & MEG; which is the most expensive?

Answer 14

MEG

Question 15

Resonance

Answer 15

aspect of MRI that involves using pulse of radio waves to make hydrogen protons gyrate in body’s fluid

Question 16

Magnetic

Answer 16

aspect of MRI that involves aligning the magnetic fields of those gyrating protons

Question 17

Imaging

Answer 17

aspect of MRI that involves the release of energy when the protons are allowed to return to “natural” alignment

Question 18

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Answer 18

example of neurological disease revealed by MRI’s capacity to distinguish white from grey matter

Question 19

fMRI

Answer 19

technique that makes use of the difference in how oxygenated vs deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood respond to magnetic fields

Question 20

Is deoxygenated hemoglobin more likely to be found at ACTIVE or NON-ACTIVE sites in the brain

Answer 20

active

Question 21

What does the f in fMRI stand for?

Answer 21

functional

Question 22

PBT (position emission tomography)

Answer 22

patient is injected w/radioactive fluid that is absorbed w/glucose into active cells & detected as gamma emissions

Question 23

CAT (computed axial tomography)

Answer 23

technique using 2D x-rays of tissues that vary in how x-rays penetrate, to build up 3-D image

Question 24

Put in order the four scanning techniques, from best to worst, for detail resolution

Answer 24

MRI, fMRI, PET, CAT