M1. model organisms and experimental techniques

Question 1

fruit fly

Answer 1

drosophila melanogaster

Question 2

round worm

Answer 2

caenorhabditis elegans

Question 3

sea urchin

Answer 3

strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Question 4

sea squirt

Answer 4

ciona intestinalis

Question 5

cellular slime molds

Answer 5

dictyostelium

Question 6

plants

Answer 6

arabidopsis

Question 7

xenopus laevis

Answer 7

toad (vertebrate) (XL)

Question 8

vertebrate development

Answer 8

• cleavage
• gastrulation
• neurulation
• organogenesis

Question 9

cleavage

Answer 9

a rapid series of cell division without growth that occurs after fertilization

increase in cell number without increase in size

Question 10

gastrulation

Answer 10

prospective endodermal and mesodermal cells move from the outer surface to the inner surface of the embryo

Question 11

neurulation

Answer 11

the future brain and spinal cord are formed from the ectodermal neural plate

Question 12

organogenesis

Answer 12

development of organs

Question 13

cell fate

Answer 13

what a cell will normally develop into if its not disrupted in any way

Question 14

fate maps:

Answer 14

label a cell or group of cells in embryo and follow the developement of the cells to identify the tissues it will likely give rise to

FATE IS NOT THE SAME AS BEING DETERMINED
-fate can change according to developmental/cellular context

Question 15

detecting gene expression: in situ mRNA hybridization

Answer 15

• transcribed genes can be detected in tissues

- proteins detected with immunohistochemistry

Question 16

transcribed genes can be detected in tissues

Answer 16

whole embryos or fine sections of a tissue
-whole mounts or slices sections

DNA probe is generated that is complementary to the mRNA in question

probe has a label that can be visualized (fluorescent dye)

Question 17

proteins detected with immunohistochemistry

Answer 17

need antibody that bonds to a specific protein ( primary antibody)
-put it into an animal

primary antibody is detected with a secondary antibody to amplify signal and allow for visual detection

Question 18

developmental genetics

Answer 18

the core of our understanding of development

Question 19

mutations in genetic loci (an organisms genotype)

Answer 19

influence the organisms phenotype

Question 20

what do phenotypes associated with developmental defect help with?

Answer 20

help us identify the genes that are regulating developmental processes

Question 21

genetic pathways

Answer 21

genes with similar phenotype (a vestigial wing) may be acting in the same process
(are they happening together in some way to regulate this process)

Question 22

forward genetic screens

Answer 22

a powerful method for discovery

Question 23

forward genetic screens process

Answer 23

An organism is exposed to a potent mutagen (EMS or ENU) that generates mutations in the genome at an expected frequency

If mutations are created in the cells that give rise to the germline the mutation can be inherited by offspring

most random loss of function mutations are recessive

many individuals strains carrying unique mutations are screened for visualization of a phenotype

Question 24

species with most extensive genetics available

Answer 24

• drosophila melanogaster
• caenorhabditis elegans
• danio rerio
• mus musculus

Question 25

forward genetic screens provide..

Answer 25

an unbiased approach to gene discover in developmental process