M1 (lesson 1-5) Flashcards
what does the phrase “from muthos to logos means” in english
it comes from greek meaning “from myths to logic”
The exact ____________ of philosophy can be traced back to a ______________________ that happened in ____________________ roughly at ____________________________________
The exact ((beginning)) of philosophy can be traced back to a ((crucial transition)) that happened in ((Ancient Greece)) roughly at ((the end of the 6th century.))
One has to acknowledge the pivotal role that _________________ had in philosophy’s own founding.
literature
during the ancient greek times, what did they have in terms of literature?
Literature is a collection of myths (all they had was greek mythology and they used that to explain the world)
who specifically started to explain the world with myths?
Homer - a greek poet and author of the Iliad and the Odyssey (epic poems)
Philosophical ________________ of itself is shaped by its ______________________.
Philosophical ((realization)) of itself is shaped by its ((reaction to literature.))
explain Muthos and Logos & how exactly did philosophy came to be
It was a transition from the Greek’s penchant(/liking) for the story (Muthos) to reason (Logos).
So philosophy started from a reaction (reaction meaning doubt). Ancient philosophers doubted the past literature (myths).
who is Thales?
- Thales came from the town Miletus (parang manila)
- he is considered to be the “first” philosopher
- some sources say he is “the father of philosophy” (but others say it’s Socrates)
A true philosopher has to go through these three process, enumerate and explain them
- Stupefaction,
- A wonder, a surprise, awe (“oh? What a wonderful world”) - Questioning,
- Malalim na doubt. Not all doubts are healthy - Perennial Search
- Perennial means long term/ matagal. Basically matagal na pagtatanog
Having known that philosophy started as a ___________________________________________, subsequent questions concerning its beginnings arose, foremost were____________________________and ________________________________________.
Having known that philosophy started as a(( reaction against a mythic explanation to reality)), subsequent questions concerning its beginnings arose, foremost were ((queries concerning beginnings)) and ((the actual process of how we philosophize.))
Philosophy started in _____________, in a town called ____________.
Philosophy started in 587 BCE, in a town called Miletus.
____________ was a ____________ town and was the ___________ of many things at that time.
((Miletus)) was a ((seaport)) town and was the ((center)) of many things at that time.
true or false?
Philosophy began in wonder, questioning.
false
questioning –> stupefaction
true or false?
Doubt may be crucial to any stupefaction, and all doubts are healthy.
false
stupefaction –> questioning
all doubts are healthy – > NOT all doubts are healthy
The philosophers’ real question was not about one’s actual place in the universe but the astonishment at the wonders they observed.
Stupefaction
true or false?
Perennial search needs a great degree of doubt
false
Perennial search –> Questioning
_________________ is the reason why the first problems related to philosophy were_______________ in nature.
((Stupefaction)) is the reason why the first problems related to philosophy were ((cosmological)) in nature.
The first philosophers were ____________________
Cosmologists
_______________ then primarily becomes an indication that real and genuine knowledge _______________________________________.
Questioning then primarily becomes an indication that real and genuine knowledge does NOT end in awe.
Some doubts may lead to ________________, wherein everything is put into inquiry without any ________ or _____________ and could lead to being __________, a perspective that is in direct _____________ to the spirit of philosophy.
Some doubts may lead to radical skepticism, wherein everything is put into inquiry without any goal or grounding and could lead to being myopic, a perspective that is in direct contrast to the spirit of philosophy.
Philosophy would answer the_____________________. That means we are motivated to chase the ultimate reasons why the question is posed in the first place.
Philosophy would answer the ((perennial answer)). That means we are motivated to chase the ultimate reasons why the question is posed in the first place.
It might be quite ______________ yet, but looking at this further, one notices that the questions in philosophy are __________________________________________________.
It might be quite ((abstract)) yet, but looking at this further, one notices that the questions in philosophy are ((questions different from all other questions.))
true or false?
Questioning are questions geared to be answered immediately or abruptly.
false
Questioning –> Perennial Search
to be answered immediately or abruptly –> NOT to be answered immediately or abruptly.
Philosophical questions that touch upon matters related to three things, enumerate.
- LIFE
- MEANING
- CHOICE
(not a question)
LESSON 1: From Muthos to Logos
LESSON 2: Stupefaction, Questioning, and Perennial Search
LESSON 3: What Pythagoras Taught Us Concerning the Telos of Philosophy and Some Contemporary Polemics
LESSON 4: Real Definition of Philosophy
LESSON 5: Significance of Philosophy
The name Pythagoras was more associated with?
mathematicians
true or false?
Galileo’s contribution to the philosophical discourse is minimal.
false
((Pythagoras’s)) contribution to the philosophical discourse is ((crucial.))
He marked a radical shift from mythic to rational.
Pythagoras
He believed that the world is governed by
numbers.
Pythagoras
Pythagoras made philosophy a domain that?
Pythagoras made philosophy a domain that focuses on the concept and not a mere investigation of nature, devoid of meta principle.
true or false?
Pythagoras’s actual idea of philosophy swerves from the common regard that not everyone is a philosopher.
false
Pythagoras’s actual idea of philosophy swerves from the common regard that everyone is a philosopher. (so he believed that not everyone can be a philosopher, unlike what most people believed)
who admits that being a philosopher is too difficult?
That is the main reason why a _________________ is a perpetual student of wisdom, yet true to his own _____________ and the __________ with which he embraced the mathematical life.
That is the main reason why a ((philosophus)) is a perpetual student of wisdom, yet true to his own ((discipline)) and the ((rigors)) with which he embraced the mathematical life.
He eventually defined philosophy as the love of wisdom.
Pythagoras
the word “philosophy” is derived from?
the greek words:
- philein = love
- sophia = wisdom
true or false?
The use of the term philosophy is attributed to Socrates as he used it when he identified the four classes of people who attended the ancient Chess Tournaments
false
The use of the term philosophy is attributed to ((Pythagoras)) as he used it when he identified the ((three)) classes of people who attended the ancient ((Olympic Games.))
what are the three classifications of people who attended ancient Olympic Games?
(1) lover of gain;
(2) lover of honor; and
(3) lover of knowledge or wisdom.
Lover of gain
seek profit by selling their wares(merchendise/goods) for money
Lover of honor
compete in the games for honor
Lover of knowledge or wisdom
are people who go to the games as spectators who seek the truth.
They seek to observe & learn something
Lovers of wisdom
The class of Lovers of wisdom is also called?
the class of people philosophers.
which of the three classifications by Pythagoras did he considered the best?
The BEST were the 3rd class of people. Lovers of wisdom.
THE THREE CONCEPTS OF PHILOSOPHY by?
ARMANDO BONIFACIO
enumerate the three concepts of philosophy
- People unconsciously develop a philosophy in life
- The activity of reflecting on and analyzing one’s beliefs or reasons for actions or decisions could be a kind of philosophy as well
- Philosophy could also be a reconstructed belief or a value system
enumerate the FIVE MAJOR BRANCHES OF
PHILOSOPHY
- Ethics
- Aesthetics
- Epistemology
- Logic
- Metaphysics
where was the term “ethics” derived from?
(Greek) “ethos” meaning “custom,”
is concerned about human conduct.
- ethics
It deals with norms or standards of right and wrong.
- ethics
It prescribes what people ought to do rather than describes what people do.
- ethics
concept about morality that affects one’s actions toward others.
- ethics
helps people prioritize their values.
- ethics
where was the term “aesthetics” derived from?
(Greek) “aisthetikos” means “sensitive” or “perceptive.”
where was the term “epistemology” derived from?
(Greek) “episteme”, which means “knowledge.“
where was the term “logic” derived from?
Study of “reasoning”
where was the term “metaphysics” derived from?
literally means “after physics”
In Philo, philosophers are concerned with the analysis of _________________ experience and the idea of what is beautiful
- aesthetics
In here, philosophers analyze whether beauty is based on ___________________________________
- aesthetics
- utility
- experience
- form
- pleasure
- expression
Origin of knowledge
- epistemology
Whether |empiricism| or |rationalism|
- epistemology
|empiricism| (given by experience)
|rationalism| (given by the mind prior to experience)
It incorporates the analysis of the methods of |deduction and induction| to provide the rules on how people ought to think
- logic
|deduction| big to small
|induction|small to big
Knowing the rules of this to create sound arguments and avoid |fallacious| reasoning
- logic
|fallacious| false or incorrect
It analyzes whether everything is material, and if life, energy, and mind are their different manifestations.
- metaphysics
It reflect on the subject of |A and R.|
- metaphysicians
|A| = |Appearances| (how something looks by how it appears)
|R| = |Reality| (that which actually is).
enumerate the REAL DEFINITIONs OF PHILOSOPHY
(4)
1. Science
2. Science of All Things
3. Science of all Things Through Its Ultimate Causes and Principles
4. Science of all Things Through Its Ultimate Causes Acquired Through the Use of Natural Reasons
Philosophy is scientific. It relates to the actual expectation of rigor and elements of observation and hypothesis.
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Science
Each thing is composed of at least three fundamental things: the |object|, the |subject|, and the |product|.
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
2. Science of All Things
|object| (the one being studied),
|subject| (the one who studies),
|product| (the effect of both)
The object of the study or the phenomenon is pursued in the ultimate sense.
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
3. Science of all Things Through Its Ultimate Causes and Principles
It is not satisfied with just a yes or a no answer. They bid time and wait for the right moment
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
3. Science of all Things Through Its Ultimate Causes and Principles
Philosophy is not an activity that is left to either chance or pure faith.
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
4. Science of all Things Through Its Ultimate Causes Acquired Through the Use of Natural
Philosophizing is an activity without help other than itself.
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
4. Science of all Things Through Its Ultimate Causes Acquired Through the Use of Natural Reasons
It is done only by the use of pure reason. By maintaining this, philosophy has remained independent and pure, never a discipline that is subsumed within a dogma or belief under what it aims to and is maintained by such a vision.
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
4. Science of all Things Through Its Ultimate Causes Acquired Through the Use of Natural
true or false?
People, though unconsciously, have a
philosophy in life
True
true or false?
The idea of reflecting on and analyzing one’s beliefs cannot be considered as philosophy.
False
Pythagoras formed the word “philosophy” via observation of the Olympic game (Empiricism or Rationalism)
Empiricism
(?)
what is the ultimate significance of philosophy?
The significance of philosophy then, is to recognize that the answer is not yet complete.—Bertrand Russell
true or false?
Since then, the relevance of philosophy has been a source of contention. The frequent fact is that it gives no concrete or material significance
true
true or false?
Philosophy may be considered an ancient discipline. It is somewhat extinct.
false
It is NEVER extinct
“The value of philosophy is ironically sought through all the accusations leveled against it. These include its impracticality, lack of tangibleness, and preoccupation with the complex.
Bernard Russell
The true value and relevance of philosophy resides in its?
ambiguity and uncertainty
Is an indication that philosophy should not overestimate itself to the point where answers become more essential than questions.
The ambiguity
The uncertainty permits the crucial attitude of being provisional, of being able to continually ruminate and so be in motion.
Significance of Philosophy
(?)
The significance of philosophy is not in its demonstration of _______________ but in its capacity to focus on the _________________ that might be lost in the full understanding of what is being taught because that knowledge could be a confirmation of one’s ____________________.
The significance of philosophy is not in its demonstration of ((knowledge)) but in its capacity to focus on the ((possibilities)) that might be lost in the full understanding of what is being taught because that knowledge could be a confirmation of one’s ((ignorance.))
