M1 L1: Intro to Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

How did we know humans had an understanding of genetics?

A

They knew about domestication and selective breeding to get certain traits in plants/animals

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2
Q

What was Aristotle’s view on genetics? Did it include epigenesis?

A

Semen has a vital heat that cooks menstrual blood into a fetus. Yes epigenesis

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3
Q

What is epigenesis? Who came up with the idea?

A

Fetus grows de novo in utero. It does not start as a tiny, fully formed human with proper limbs. William Harvey

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4
Q

What was the Hippocratic School of Medicine theory of genetics? Did it include epigenesis?

A

Believed humors from male body went into semen. The humors could be diseased or normal, and that influenced the development of the fetus. I don’t think it follows epigenesis?

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5
Q

What’s the Homunculus theory of heredity? Does it include epigenesis?

A

Semen includes a tiny fully formed human. Grows after implanting. No epigenesis

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6
Q

What’s the Ovist theory of heredity? Does it include epigenesis?

A

Egg contains fully formed human. Grows when stimulated by semen. No epigenesis

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7
Q

What’s the germ plasm theory? Who came up with it?

A

Ovaries and testes each have a full set of genetic info, egg and sperm each deliver half to offspring. August Weissman

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8
Q

What’s nuclein? Who proposed it was the genetic material?

A

Nucleic acid and peoteins. Edmund Beecher Wilson

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9
Q

Who discovered the first genetic disorder? What was it?

A

Archibald Garrod. Alkaptonuria, black urine disease

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10
Q

What 4 ideas led us to better theories of heredity?

A

1) Schleiden and Schwann cell theory: all life is made of cells; all cells come from other cells

2) louis pasteur refuted spontaneous generation: living matter can’t arise from nonliving matter

3) refuted fixity of species: species are not fixed; they have changed over time

4) natural selection: 3 premises, 3 conclusions for how species change over time

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11
Q

3 premises of NS

A

1) species have genetic variation, at least some is heritable

2) some heritable variation affects rates of survival and reproduction

3) species overproduce, produce more offspring than environment can support

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12
Q

3 conclusions of NS

A

1) there will be a struggle for existence among offspring

2) individuals with traits better fit for the environment will have more survival and reproductive success

3) adaptive traits will accumulate and the population will change through time

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13
Q

What’s blending inheritance? Who believed in it?

A

Offspring are the average value of the parents. Darwin

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14
Q

What’s the problem with blending inheritance? Who discovered this?

A

It’s incompatible with NS because advantageous traits will get diluted and never become fixed in populations. Fleeming Jenkin

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15
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

organism has 2 full sets of genes (maternal and paternal)

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16
Q

what is a gene

A

the functional unit of heredity

17
Q

what are alleles

A

different variations of a gene

18
Q

what’s haploid?

A

organism has 1 copy of each gene

19
Q

what’s the chromosomal theory of inheritance? who discovered it?

A

Genes are on chromosomes. Sutton and Boveri

20
Q

what’s the universality of mendelian inheritance? Who supported it? What debate did it start?

A

All inheritance follows Mendel’s fundamental rules. Inheritance is particulate. William Bateson. Biometricians vs. Mendelians on continuous traits

21
Q

Biometrician argument? Who showed that Mendelian inheritance can explain continuous traits?

A

Continuous traits can’t be explained by Mendelian inheritance. Herman Nilsson-Ehle, Edward East showed it’s possible if the trait is governed by multiple genes

22
Q

Who confirmed the chromosomal theory of inheritance and how?

A

Thomas Hunt. Red eye WT flies vs white eye mutant flies.

23
Q

source of all genetic variation?

A

mutations

24
Q

why did people think proteins were the hereditary material, not DNA

A

proteins are made of 20 different animo acids which would allow for greater complexity. DNA is made of 4 different nitrogenous bases which shouldn’t result in as much complexity

25
Q

3 structural differences between DNA and RNA

A

1) DNA is double stranded, RNA is single

2) DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil

3) DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose

26
Q

What bonds are in DNA

A

1) covalent phosphodiester bonds in the backbone (between phosphate and sugar)

2) hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

27
Q

components of a nucleotide

A

1) Nitrogenous base

2) ribose or deoxyribose

3) phosphate

28
Q

What is the central dogma

A

DNA gets transcribed into RNA, RNA gets translated into proteins

29
Q

How does a change in a nucleotide cause sickle cell disease?

A

Change nucleotide causes a change in RNA –> change in animo acid –> change in protein shape –> a change in protein function –> sickle cell disease

30
Q

Why do we use model organisms like mice, bacteria, yeast, and flies?

A

1) fast generation
2) easy to manipulate

31
Q

6 pieces of evidence of LUCA

A

1) all orgs use universal genetic code
2) all orgs use central dogma
3) all orgs composed of common chemical parts (DNA, RNA, amino acids) and structures (membrane bound organelles)
4) all orgs extract energy from environment
5) all orgs have homologous genes from a LUCA
6) all organisms evolve through gradual changes in genetic info

32
Q

Who came up with the 3 domain model

A

carl woese

33
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a structure in cells that encode the genetic material of the organism. made of DNA and proteins

34
Q

2 key differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

1) mitosis makes 2 identical diploid daughter cells, meiosis makes 4 different haploid daughter cells

2) mitosis has one equational division, meiosis has one reductional division then one equational division

35
Q

what is a mutation

A

any heritable change in DNA

36
Q

what is base complementarity? how does it relate to DNA replication?

A

A and T or U always pair, and C and G always pair. in DNA replication, if you know one strand, you can make the other strand because it must complement the original

37
Q

what’s the role of tRNA?

A

They translate RNA into proteins by bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosomes

38
Q

Describe gel electrophoresis. What does it assay?

A

there’s a gel placed in a buffer solution. samples of DNA are pipetted into wells near the negative electrode side of the gel. when the apparatus is turned on, the DNA is pulled to the positive side of the gel because phosphate groups make DNA negatively charged. the distance the strands traveled indicates their size. shorter ones travel farther than longer ones.