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Question 1

What is the science concerned with the chemical basis of life or more specifically, the chemical consitutents of living cells and the reactions they undergo?

Answer 1

Biochemistry

Question 2

From which greek term does the word “life” stem from?

Answer 2

bio

Question 3

When did biochemistry start to emerge as a distinct discipline in the scientific field?

Answer 3

around the beginning of the 20th century

Question 4

.

What three branches of science were combined by scientists to better investigate the chemistry of living systems (foudnation of biochemistry)?

Answer 4

• chemistry
• physiology
• biology

Question 5

What do you call a small molecule?

Answer 5

A monomer

Question 6

What do you call a long-chain molecule that is made up of a repeated pattern of monomers?

Answer 6

A polymer

Question 7

What are the two types of metabolic reactions?

Answer 7

• anabolic reaction
• catabolic reaction

Question 8

What type of metabolic reaction breaks down molecules?
(e.g energy is released when ATP is created)

Answer 8

catabolic reaction

Question 9

What type of metabolic reaction builds up molecules?
(e.g once ATP is broken down, energy is absorbed and built up once again)

Answer 9

anabolic reaction

Question 10

• water is removed to bond monomers
• catalyst of polymer creation

Answer 10

dehydration synthesis

Question 11

• a water molecule is introduced to break down a polymer (complex structure) to monomers

Answer 11

hydrolysis

Question 12

Enumerate.

What are the four main classes of molecules (macromolecules) in biochemistry?

Answer 12

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Question 13

• living beings get energy from this
• its usual, main monomer is glucose

Answer 13

carbohydrates

Question 14

• living beings store energy in these
• they come in the forms of fats and oils
• its monomers come in the form of fatty acids

Answer 14

lipids

Question 15

Which type of fat is present in animals?

Answer 15

saturated fats

Question 16

Which type of fat is present in plants?

Answer 16

unsaturated fats

Question 17

Identify which macromolecule fits the description provided.

• living beings use these to build up cells
• they are made up of amino acids (its monomers linked by peptide bonds)

Answer 17

proteins
A.K.A the first biomolecule ever discovered

Question 18

Identify which macromolecule fits the description provided.

• living beings build genetic codes with these
• made up of nucleotides, nitrogenous bases, and pentose sugars

Answer 18

nucleic acids
RNA v.s DNA

Question 19

What are the two types of biochemical substances?

Answer 19

• bioinorganic substances (do not contain carbon)
• bioorganic substances (contain carbon)

Question 20

Name the two bioinorganic substances.

Answer 20

• inorganic salts (5%)
• water (about 70%)

Question 21

Enumerate and compare.

Name the four bioorganic molecules.

Answer 21

• proteins (15%)
• lipids (8%)
• nucleic acids (about 2%)
• carbohydrates ( about 2%)

Question 22

Which is the most abundant macromolecule in general?

Answer 22

carbohydrates

Question 23

Which is the most abundant macromolecule in the human body?

Answer 23

protein
(they are made up of a lot more combinations of monomers: amino acids, thus generating a lot more unique polymers)

Question 24

It is a site of predictable behavior or a group of atoms in organic molecules that are responsible for the charcteristic chemical reactions certain molecules together.

Answer 24

functional groups

Question 25

Name 10 functional groups.

Answer 25

- alcohol - phenyl - amine - ester - amide - carboxylic acid - aldehyde - ketone - ether - thiol

Question 26

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - **have relatively low boiling points** due to their inability to form hydrogen bonds with each other - **slightly polar** - this molecule is **subject to reacting with strong acids** and **serves as a Lewis base** - **R–O–R**

Answer 26

**ether** prefix: alkoxy- suffix: -ether

Question 27

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - these are used as **precursors** to form other compounds such as esters, aldehydes, and ketones - contain **both hydroxyl and carbonyl groups** - **R--O=C–O–H**

Answer 27

**carboxylic acids** suffix: -oic acid

Question 28

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - due to the **presence of an -OH group**, they can hydrogen bond - possess **high boiling points** - **polar** in nature - **R–OH**

Answer 28

**alcohol** prefix: hydroxy- suffix: -ol

Question 29

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - they are by far the **most commonly encountered** functional group in organic chemistry - **R--O=C–O–R**

Answer 29

**ester** suffix: -oate

Question 30

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - these contain the carbonyl group **inside the compound** - **R--O=C–R**

Answer 30

**ketones** suffix: -one

Question 31

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - these contain the carbonyl at the **end of the compound** - **R--O=C–H**

Answer 31

**aldehyde** suffix: -al/-yde

Question 32

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - a class of organic chemical compounds **similar to the alcohols and phenols** but **containing a sulfur atom** in place of the oxygen atom - **R–SH**

Answer 32

**thiol** *prefix: sulf-* suffix: -thiol

Question 33

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - organic compounds that **contain nitrogen atoms with a lone pair** - they are basically **derived from ammonia** - **R–NH2 / R–NH–R / R–N–R--R**

Answer 33

**amine** prefix: amino- suffix: -amine

Question 34

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - it is formed when a **hydrogen atom is removed from the benzene ring** - often represented by the symbol **Ph**

Answer 34

**phenyl** suffix: -ene (alike alkenes)

Question 35

# Identify the functional group and provide the prefix/suffix accordingly. - an organic compound that contains a functional group **consisting of an acyl group linked to a nitrogen atom** - **R--O=C–NH2**

Answer 35

**amide** suffix: -amide

Question 36

# Understand and define. What is a moiety?

Answer 36

A **moiety, in terms of biochemistry:** - is a **portion of an organic compound** which **may be a functional group**; - describes a **portion of that compound** with multiple functional groups that **share common structural aspects**

Question 37

# Enumerate. How do functional groups broaden one's understanding of concepts in biochemistry?

Answer 37

- it helps people understand and **predict chemical behavior** - it **determines** in large measures the **physical properties of a compound** - they serve as units by which **we classify organic compounds into families** - it becomes our **basis of naming compounds**