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biochem. > HA1 | FUNDAMENTALS of ORGANIC CHEM > Flashcards

HA1 | FUNDAMENTALS of ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are three types of chemical bonds?

A
  • ionic
  • covalent
  • metallic
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2
Q

What do atoms form to achieve stability?

A

chemical bonds

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3
Q

Which electrons are involved in chemical bonding?

A

valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

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4
Q

Enumerate the subatomic particles with their respective charges.

A
  • protons (positive)
  • electrons (negative)
  • neutrons (null)
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5
Q

An atom becomes stable when its valence shell is already occupied with how many electrons?

A

8 electrons

according to the octet rule

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6
Q

Can you name the ten families in the periodic table from left to right?

A
  1. Alkali metals
  2. Alakaline earth metals
  3. Transition metals
  4. Post transition metals
  5. Metalloids
  6. Nonmetals
  7. Halogens
  8. Noble Gases
  9. Lanthanides
  10. Actinides
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7
Q

Which periodic group family contains already-stable elements?

A

Noble Gases

They are intert in nature; not participating in chemical reactions.

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8
Q

What type of attraction is formed between ions when a metal gives off electrons for non-metal?

A

electrostatic attraction

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9
Q

Ionic bonds tend to (?) into ions when dissolved in water.

A

dissociate

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10
Q

Why do ionic bonds dissolve in water?

A

Due to the strong polarity of water molecules, it attracts positive and negative ions alike, breaking their bonds in the process.

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11
Q

What figure or shape do ionic bonds form?

A

crystalline

They have high melting points due to stable and ideally rigid structure

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12
Q

Covalent bonds are formed when (?) are shared with one another.

A

non-metals

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13
Q

In what forms do covalent bonds come in?

A

solid, liquid, and gas

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14
Q

True or False: Covalent bonds have low melting points.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: Covalent bonds form strong chemicals such as potassium iodide (KI) and sodium fluoride (NaF)?

A

False

The aforementioned chemicals are products of ionic bonding.

Covalent bonds create mostly pliable products

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16
Q

What does the Vitalism Theory postulate?

A

Only living things can synthesize organic compounds with intervention of a vital force (life).

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17
Q

The Vital Force Theory is also known as (?)

A

Bio-force Theory

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18
Q

Who came up with the Vital Force Theory?

A

Jons Jacob Berzelius (1808)

He is also known as the “Father of Biochemistry”

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19
Q

In 1828, who was able to disprove Berzelius’ Bio-force theory?

A

Friedrich Wohler

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20
Q

What was Wohler able to synthesize in the laboratory?

A

Urea (a component found within human urine)

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21
Q

What compound did Wohler use to recreate urea in the lab?

A

ammounium cyanate

He heated this compound to create urea

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22
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

It is the study of organic compounds, mainly those that contain the backbone of such compounds: Carbon.

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23
Q

How do organic and non-organic compounds differ in chemical bonding?

A

OC: covalent
NOC: ionic

24
Q

How do organic and non-organic compounds differ in melting points?

A

OC: low melting points
NOC: high melting points

25
Q

How do organic and non-organic compounds differ in solubility?

A

OC: mostly soluble in non-polar solvents
NOC: mostly soluble in polar solvents (water)

26
Q

How do organic and non-organic compounds differ in conductivity?

A

OC: non-conductors
NOC: aqueous solutions conduct electricity

27
Q

How do organic and non-organic compounds differ in combustibility?

A

OC: combustible and flammable (produce carbon when burned)
NOC: rarely combustible (do not produce carbon when boom)

28
Q

How do organic and non-organic compounds differ in chemical reactivity?

A

OC: very slow reactions
NOC: often very fast reactions

29
Q

How do organic and non-organic compounds differ in forms?

A

OC: solid, liquid, and gas
NOC: solid (crystalline)

30
Q

What is the atomic number of carbon?

A

6

with an atomic weight of 12.0107

31
Q

What do you call the ability of carbon to form strictly 4 strong covalent bonds?

A

tetravalency

32
Q

Carbon can form multiple bonds up until (?)

A

triple bonds

33
Q

Carbon can (?) with itself to form long linear chains, branched chains, and even rings.

A

catenate

34
Q

A carbon in an organic compound can be classified according to its (?)

A

degree of substitution

35
Q

These are common and specific arrangements of atoms that impart predictable reactivity and properties to an organic molecule.

A

functional groups

36
Q

These functional groups are org. compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen.

A

hydrocarbons

37
Q

Which hydrocarbon has single bonds only?

A

alkane

38
Q

Which hydrocarbon has double bonds only?

A

alkene

39
Q

Which hydrocarbon has triple bonds only?

A

alkyne

40
Q

Which hydrocarbon contains a special class of rings?

A

arene/benzene

compounds containing benzene rings are considered aromatic

41
Q

Which is the most saturated hydrocarbon?

A

alkanes

42
Q

Which is the least saturated hydrocarbon?

A

arenes

43
Q

These are organic compounds that contain other elements other than carbon and hydrogen.

A

hydrocarbon derivatives

44
Q

The hydrocarbon part in hydrocarbon derivatives is denoted by “R”. What does it mean?

A

alkyl group

45
Q

Compounds with halogens

A

alkyl halide

R - X

46
Q

Compounds with hydroxyl groups

A

alcohol

R - OH

also, phenol is NOT an alcohol

47
Q

REMEMBER: The degree of substitution for alcohols depend solely on the number of carbons attached to its root carbon. Copy?

A

Good. Continue.

48
Q

Compounds with sulfhydryl groups

A

thiol

R - SH

49
Q

Compounds with oxygen between alkyl groups or benzene rings

A

ether

R - O - R

50
Q

Organic derivatives of ammonia, where hydrogens of ammonia are replaced with alkyl group/phenyl ring

A

amine

R - NH

may be classified from primary to tertiary, according to no. of carbon bonds

51
Q

Organic compounds both containing carbonyl groups

A

ketones and aldehydes

52
Q

Organic compound with carbonyl between carbon and hydrogen

A

aldehyde

R - C=O - H

53
Q

Organic compound with carbonyl in between carbon and carbon

A

ketone

R - C=O - R

54
Q

Organic compounds with supra-functional group containing carboxyl attached to a hydroxyl

A

carboxylic acid

R - C=O - OH

55
Q

These organic compounds are derivatives of carboxylic acids

A

ester and amides

56
Q

Organic compounds that are formed by replacing the -OH of carboxylic acid with an ether-like group

A

ester

R - C=O - O - R

57
Q

Organic compounds that are formedby replacing the -OH of carboxylic acid with an amino group

A

amide

R - C=O - NH2

biochem. (5 decks)

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