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Immunoserology > [M] Lec 05: Molecular Diagnostics (Central Dogma) > Flashcards

[M] Lec 05: Molecular Diagnostics (Central Dogma) Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to:

  • Double stranded, deoxyribose sugar
  • FUNCTION: It carries primary genetic information within chromosomes.
  • It is composed of two (2) polynucleotide chains which coil around each other to form a double helix.
  • It is made up of repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate residues.
A

DNA

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2
Q

Refers to:

  • Single stranded, ribose sugar
  • An intermediate nucleic acid
  • It converts genetic information encoded within DNA into CHON
  • It is a single polynucleotide chain
A

RNA

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3
Q

DNA base pairs

A

Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

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4
Q

DNA purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine

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5
Q

RNA purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Uracil and Cytosine

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6
Q

Base pairs

  1. 2 hydrogen bonds
  2. 3 hydrogen bonds
A
  1. A:T
  2. G:C
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7
Q

Nucleotide structure

  1. Carries the nitrogen base
  2. Essential for connecting nucleotides together into a DNA chain

A. 3’ carbon-hydroxyl group on sugar
B. 5’ carbon on phosphate group
C. 1’ carbon on sugar

A
  1. C
  2. A and B
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8
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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9
Q

DNA replication

  1. DNA polymerase will attach to unzip the strand of DNA to start new synthesis of DNA strands that is complementary to the strand
    template and adds nucleotides in 5’ to 3’
    direction.
  2. DNA replication starts at a specific point (origin).
  3. No more DNA template strand left to replicate
A
  1. Elongation
  2. Initiation
  3. Termination
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10
Q

Enzymes involved during initiation DNA replication

  • Unwinds the double stranded DNA helix
  • Once separated, it exposes the base pair
    which is used as template for replication.
A

DNA Helicase

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11
Q

Enzymes involved during initiation DNA replication

It is synthesized from 5’ to 3’ direction,
extending the primer by adding free
nucleotides to the 3’ end.

A

DNA Polymerase

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12
Q

Enzymes involved during initiation DNA replication

It produces a small RNA primer, which acts
as a ‘kick-starter’ for DNA polymerase

A

DNA Primase

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13
Q

Elongation DNA replication

Define

  1. Newly formed DNA strand
  2. Discontinuous replication strand in 5’ direction to 3 direction, away from the fork.
  3. Short segments of newly synthesized DNA that is found in the lagging strand.
  4. An enzyme that bind together new created fragment to form a strand.
A
  1. Leading strand
  2. Lagging strand
  3. Okazaki fragments
  4. DNA ligase
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14
Q

Translation or Transcription

  1. The process of creating a strand of mRNA contain genetic information within DNA and expressed as a protein
  2. The encoded genes in mRNA are translated into AA (amino acid) sequence in ribosomes
  3. There is synthesis.
  4. Occurs in ribosomes
  5. Occurs in NUCLEUS
A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
  3. Translation
  4. Translation
  5. Transcription
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15
Q

Steps in DNA Transcription

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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16
Q

DNA transcription

  • Once DNA bases are separated, bases are expose on each strand if the DNA. Then, the enzyme (RNA) can then “read” the (nitrogenous) bases in one of the DNA strands.
  • The enzyme will then make mRNA (messenger RNA) strand is made that is complementary to the sequence of the bases in the strand of DNA
A

Initiation

17
Q

DNA transcription

Addition of nucleotide to the mRNA strand

A

Elongation

18
Q

DNA transcription

  • It occurs when RNA polymerase crosses or encountered a stop sequence (UAA, UAG, UGA) in the gene.
  • In this phase, the mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA.
A

Termination

19
Q

DNA transcription (Elongation)

  1. Strand where new mRNA is derived from. It
    is responsible for creating new RNA molecules.
  2. Nontemplate strand; it is not being transcribed into mRNA. It involves the enzyme RNA polymerase which uses ribonucleotides to form the new mRNA strand.
A
  1. Template strand
  2. Coding strand
20
Q

Steps in DNA translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
21
Q

Steps/phase in DNA translation

  1. The methionine moves from the P site going to the A site to bond to a new amino acid. There is now an _______ of the peptide sequence, then followed by growth of peptide.
  2. One of the stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) it must enter the A site.
  3. Recognize the start codon
A
  1. Elongation
  2. Termination
  3. Initiation
22
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

23
Q
  1. Holds the peptide chain
  2. Accepts the trNA
A
  1. P site
  2. A site
24
Q

Start codon

A

Methionine

Immunoserology (21 decks)

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