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Juvenile Delinquency > M I D T E R M > Flashcards

M I D T E R M Flashcards

1
Q

Where and when was the first juvenile court system established?

A

1899, Cook County, Illinois

Chicago

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2
Q

How many children under 18 are there in the US?

A

Approx. 75 Million

37% of the population

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3
Q

Talk about how the media affects young adults

A

“PEEL BACK THE ONION”
Comic books in the 50’s
Rap music, violent video games, negative imagery

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4
Q

Ego Identity

A

Having a firm sense of knowing who you are and what you stand for

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5
Q

Role Diffusion

A

People spread themselves too thin and experience personal uncertainty

Often place themselves at the mercy of others

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6
Q

At-risk student

A

Youth who are vulnreable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sex
(drug use, alcohol, sexuality)

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7
Q

What percent of the population under 17 are at risk?

A

Approx 25%

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8
Q

Five Main Problems for American Youth

A

“People hunger inside for salad”

Poverty
Health
Inadequate Education
Family Problems
Substandard Living Conditions
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9
Q

Poverty Stats

A

37 Million people are classified as poor, 1/3rd of those are children

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10
Q

Health coverage

A

10% of children do not have health coverage

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11
Q

Health opportunities

A

Glasses example

Treating learning disorders early

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12
Q

Family issues

A

Divorce affects about half of new families

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13
Q

Substandard living conditions

A

A child’s environment drastically affects their behavior
Apartment settings, bad neighborhoods
At risk for drive-bys, addiciton, STD’s

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14
Q

Inadequate education

A

Poor schools everywhere

No education, no one to guide them and to have them MAKE GOOD CHOICES

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15
Q

Paternalistic families

A

Father had control of the house
Children were not children, and often treated as adults

“Children were seen and not heard”

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16
Q

Gender divide in paternalistic families

A

Boys were educated, girls were desecrated

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17
Q

Parens Patriae

A

Power of the state to act on the behalf of the child to provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent

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18
Q

Society for the Prevention of Pauperism

A

Movement that protected children from adult environments, such as taverns, parlors, etc.

Eventually known as the Child Savers

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19
Q

House of Refuge

A

Facility developed by the Child Savers to protect potential criminal youths and take them off of the street

Developed in 1825 - NYC

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20
Q

Juvenile Court Act

A

1899
Established juvenile courts that created separate programs for children, as well as treat children entirely differently than that of adults.

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21
Q

Parens patriae and the system

A

Delinquent vs. Criminal
State needs to act in the best interest of the child.

Treatment, not punishment

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22
Q

Age of Majority

A

Age where a child is treated as an adult. (18 in MD)

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23
Q

Status offense

A

Conduct that is illegal because of the person’s age

drinking, truancy, running away, etc

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24
Q

Waiver / Bindover / Automatic Adult Jurisdiction

A

Waiving cases over to the adult system.
Certain offenses are automatically handed in adult court as opposed to child court
(1st deg murder, 1st deg assault, etc)

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25
Q

Uniform Crime Report

A

Published data from police departments

Divided into Part I and Part II Crimes

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26
Q

What are the three ways that crimes are reported?

A

UCR
Victimization Surveys
Self Reports

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27
Q

Part I

A 
Part I (Index Crimes)
Homicide, Rape, Robbery, Assault, Burglary, Larceny, Arson, Motor Theft
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28
Q

Part II

A

All crimes that are not part I

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29
Q

How does the UCR Work?

A

of reported crimes, crime rates per 100k, change in # over time

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30
Q

Problems with the UCR

A

<1/2 of all victims report crimes.

Only the most serious offense is counted for an arrest.

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31
Q

Self Reports

A

1on1 Interviews, mass distribution of anonymous questionaires

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32
Q

Dark Figure of Crime

A

Crimes that have never been reported

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33
Q

Victimization Survey

A

NCVS (National Crime and Victimization Survey)

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34
Q

Victims and their “criminals”

A

People of all age groups identify their attackers as teens.

Often intra-racial.
Victimization is most likely to occur during the day.

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35
Q

Example trends of crime rates

A

Age, economy, social issues, abortion, guns, gangs, drug use, etc.

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36
Q

Crimes and Time

A

Delinquent acts occur in the summer of July and August

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37
Q

Crime and Space

A

Western and Southern states have higher rates of delinquency

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38
Q

Male gender and crime

A

Males are more delinquent and commit more violent crimes, 4:1

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39
Q

Female gender and crime

A

Girls are more likely to run away

40
Q

Institutional Racism

A

Treatment of a race by police and courts

41
Q

Racial threat theory

A

As AA population increases, the perceived threat to EA increases, leading to social control on AA Youth

42
Q

Racial profiling

A

Routinely searching AA Youth

43
Q

Class and delinquency

A

Youth will use criminal means to achieve their goals.

44
Q

Middle Class

A

Generally crimes are less serious

45
Q

Lower Class

A

More serious delinquency and moreso having to deal with racial bias, social organization

46
Q

Age proportionality

A

Age is INVERSELY related to criminality

47
Q

Age of Onset

A

beginning point in delinquent career

48
Q

Aging Out

A

Growing older, maturing, responsibility, changing personalities

49
Q

Chronic offender

A

Young onset age, 6+ offenses, may be violent and destructive

50
Q

6% of youth are:

A

Chronic offenders

51
Q

Choice Theory

A

Offenders make the rational decision to engage in delinquent behavior. Their actions will be beneficial to them

52
Q

Trait Theory

A

Delinquent acts are the product of personal problems and conditions

53
Q

Grandfathers of Choice Theory

A

Cessare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

54
Q

The Rational Delinquent

A

Breaking the law is a choice.
Choice Theory is about the act, not the offender
Pain v. Gain

55
Q

Routine Activities Theory

A

Crime is a normal function of routine activities. Offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and suitable target

casual crime, yknow?

56
Q

General Deterrence

A

Threat of punishment to deter delinquency

57
Q

Co-offending

A

Crimes committed in groups

58
Q

Specific Deterrence

A

Punish them so severely that they’ll never do anything illegal again.

59
Q

Situational Crime Prevention

A 
Increase the effort (make it harder)
Increase the risks 
(is the d-air really worth it)
Reduce the rewards
(combos with floaties)
Increasing the shame
(DISRESPECC)
60
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

Father of Criminology

Developed theory of criminal atavism

61
Q

Trait Theory

A

Behavioral choices are a function of one’s mental / physical makeup

62
Q

Sociobiology

A

Behavior will adapt in the environment of which it evolved

63
Q

Abnormal body chemistry

A

Excessive iron, lead poisoning

64
Q

Diet

A

Diet and aggression correlations

65
Q

Hormonal functions

A

Antisocial behavior peaks during teen years. Periods and crime

66
Q

Neurological dysfunction

A

Brain injuries affect students later in life, as well as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and learning disabilities

67
Q

Parental deviance

A

Children of deviant parents will learn that criminal behavior is okay.

68
Q

Twin studies

A

Criminal activity between identical and fraternal twins (60%, 30%)

69
Q

Adoption studies

A

Adopted children of deviant parents share many traits of their biological parents

70
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Id is unrestrained
Ego develops through the reality of the world
Superego represents the conscience and morality

If one becomes dominant, individual will experience abnormality

71
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

Experience defiant hostile behavior towards authority

72
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

Difficulty following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable manner

73
Q

Interpersonal relationships

A

Peers, school, work, etc

74
Q

Community Ecology

A

Living in poverty, decay, etc affects the likelihood of crime. Fear can motivate people to commit crimes

75
Q

Social Change and crime

A

Political unrest, economic stress, family dysfunction

Freddy Gray

76
Q

Socioeconomics

A

People on the lowest rung of the ladder have the highest incentive to commit crime

77
Q

Racial disparity

A

Poverty rates among minority groups are still double that of EAs

78
Q

How are social theories grouped?

A

Structure, process, and critical theories

79
Q

Social structure

A

Delinquency is a function of a person’s place in the economy.

80
Q

Social Process

A

Delinquency is a result of interaction with critical elements of socialization.

81
Q

Critical theories

A

Delinquency is a result of economic deprivations caused by inequities in the system

82
Q

Culture of Poverty

A

1966, Oscar Lewis created the term to describe the burden faced by the urban poor

Culture marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, mistrust

83
Q

Permanent underclass

A

Members of society with little chance of upward mobility

84
Q

Cultural transmission

A

Behaviors are passed down from one generation to another

“Don’t snitch to authority”

85
Q

Anomie / Strain

A

Disorganized area residents will feel hopeless and eventually angry

86
Q

Robert Merton (Strain Theory)

A

Without means of success, people turn to crime to achieve their goals

87
Q

Robert Agnew (General Strain)

A

strain is caused by: failure to achieve + goals, removal of + stimuli, and the presentation of - stimuli

88
Q

Cultural deviance

A

Delinquency is a result to a youth’s desire to conform to lower class values

Joining gangs, disrespect, etc

89
Q

Social Process

A

Delinquency can be traced to learning delinquent attitudes from peers in their realm of influence

90
Q

Parental Efficacy

A

Supportive parents lead to positive youth.
Inadequate parents lead to negative youth.

Start’em young. Start’em strong.

91
Q

Social Learning

A

Delinquency is learned through the interaction with others

92
Q

Social Control

A

Life weakens the attachemtn a child has to peers, school, and society

93
Q

Social Reaction

A

Society’s reaction determines one’s behavior

94
Q

Differential Association

A

Youth will become delinquent if definitions they learn are favorable to violating the law

95
Q

Travis Hirschi’s Social Control

A

Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief

96
Q

Label theory

A

Once someone is labeled as a delinquent, they are more likely to continue their delinquent behavior

97
Q

Critical Theory Influx

A

Society is in a constant state of internal conflict. Those with money and power will succeed in meeting their needs

Juvenile Delinquency (3 decks)

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